Table 1.
Participants' Demographics (n = 1,637).
| Variables | Number (%) |
|---|---|
| Sex | |
| Female | 1,225 (74.8%) |
| Male | 381 (23.3%) |
| Not reported | 24 (1.5%) |
| Age | |
| 18–24 | 80 (4.9%) |
| 25–29 | 116 (7.1%) |
| 30–49 | 443 (27.1%) |
| 50–59 | 282 (17.2%) |
| 60–69 | 391 (23.9%) |
| 70+ | 310 (18.9%) |
| Not reported | 1 (0.8%) |
| Race/Ethnicity | |
| African American | 64 (3.9%) |
| Asian | 30 (1.8%) |
| Hispanic | 39 (2.4%) |
| Native American | 8 (0.5%) |
| White | 1,412 (86.3%) |
| Other | 55 (2.4%) |
| Not reported | 26 (1.6%) |
| Sun exposure | |
| None | 75 (1.3%) |
| 1–3 h per month | 115 (7.0%) |
| 1 h per week | 159 (9.7%) |
| 2–4 h per week | 298 (18.2%) |
| 5–6 h per week | 184 (11.2%) |
| 1 h per day | 311 (19.0%) |
| 1–2 h per day | 320 (19.5%) |
| 2 or more hours per day | 166 (10.1%) |
| Not reported | 8 (0.5%) |
| Sunscreen use | |
| Never | 389 (23.8%) |
| Sometimes | 586 (35.8%) |
| Usually | 428 (26.1%) |
| Always | 226 (13.8%) |
| Not reported | 3 (0.2%) |
| Sunscreen SPF amount | |
| None | 454 (27.7%) |
| 1–14 | 7 (0.4%) |
| 15–29 | 66 (4.0%) |
| 30–49 | 518 (31.6%) |
| 50+ | 591 (36.1%) |
| State of Residence | |
| Low UV exposure | 759 (46.4%) |
| Medium UV exposure | 433 (26.5%) |
| High UV exposure | 367 (22.4%) |
| Not reported | 77 (4.7%) |
| Vitamin D status | |
| Not deficient | 981 (59.9%) |
| Deficient | 554 (33.8%) |
| Unknown | 101 (6.2%) |
| Chronic conditions/diseases | |
| Cancer | 98 (6%) |
| Depression | 437 (26.7%) |
| Diabetes | 155 (9.5%) |
| Diverticulosis/Diverticulitis | 87 (5.3%) |
| Gastric reflux | 291 (17.8%) |
| Heart disease | 323 (19.7%) |
| Irritable bowel | 189 (11.6%) |
| Liver disease | 41 (2.5%) |
| Lung disease | 69 (4.2%) |
| Chronic kidney disease (CKD) | 39 (2.4%) |
| Frequency of taking vitamin D supplements | |
| None | 705 (43.1%) |
| 1–2 times per week | 103 (6.3%) |
| 3–5 times per week | 93 (5.7%) |
| Once per day | 598 (36.6%) |
| 2 or more times per day | 80 (4.9%) |
| Not reported | 57 (3.5%) |