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. 2022 May 11;9:912591. doi: 10.3389/fnut.2022.912591

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Copyright © 2022 Li, Han, Wu, Cao, Gao, Sun, Wang and Xiao.

This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) and the copyright owner(s) are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.

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Gut microbiota-mediated RES biotransformation. The concentrations of RES, DHR, LUN, and their conjugates in the urine before antibiotic treatment (A,B). The concentrations of RES, DHR, LUN, and their conjugates in the urine after antibiotic treatment (C,D). The concentration of RES, DHR, LUN, and their conjugates in SI digesta before and after anaerobic fermentation with mouse fecal bacteria (E). Three independent experiments were performed (E). Significant differences are indicated: *P < 0.05, **P < 0.01 (E). Mice were numbered as number (#) 1, #2, #3 …to #8 in our experiment, which was described in the text of “The Role of Gut Microbiota in the Biotransformation of RES”.