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. 2022 May 24;12(5):e063356. doi: 10.1136/bmjopen-2022-063356

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© Author(s) (or their employer(s)) 2022. Re-use permitted under CC BY. Published by BMJ.

This is an open access article distributed in accordance with the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 Unported (CC BY 4.0) license, which permits others to copy, redistribute, remix, transform and build upon this work for any purpose, provided the original work is properly cited, a link to the licence is given, and indication of whether changes were made. See: https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Relative risk (incidence-rate ratio) of PPI in studies by funding source compared with mean level, with 95% CIs, adjusted by method and topic. Carlos III, Instituto de Salud Carlos III (Spain); Chinese, Key Research or other Chinese state funder, for example, National Science Foundation of China; CIHR, Canadian Institutes of Health Research; ESRC, Economic and Social Research Council (UK); EU, European Union funding; Gates, The Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation (USA); MRC, Medical Research Council; NIH, US National Institutes of Health; NIHR, National Institute of Health Research (UK); NHMRC, National Health and Medical Research Council (Australia); Wellcome, The Wellcome Trust (UK); ZonMw, The Netherlands Organisation for Health Research and Development. Incidence-rate ratios (y-axis) are on a logarithmic scale (base 10).