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Model depicting a mechanism by which 5-HT regulates CAC tumorigenesis and development. Left: In premalignant cells, 5HT/5-HT2B enhances SMAD2/3 phosphorylation and SMAD4 expression via TGF-β, which inhibits the IL-6/STAT3 signaling pathway and suppresses the proliferation of tumor cells. Right: In tumor cells, 5HT/5-HT2B enhances Akt phosphorylation through TGF-β, which promotes the proliferation, migration, and invasion of tumor cells.
