Adhesion of wild-type R. toruloides Y-1588 and four Att− mutants (3-3, 3K, IID2, and 1n) grown with capsules to polystyrene (A), xylenes (hydrophobicity) (B), CM-Sephadex beads (positive cell charge) (C), and DEAE-Sephadex beads (negative cell charge) (D). Data are the means and standard deviations of results from five replicates.