Fig. 1.

Machine learning development process (a) 3 continuous and 11 categorical predictors of one-year mortality were taken into the computational process. (b) A stratified random sampling technique was applied to split patients in a 70:30 ratio to a training dataset and a testing dataset. (c) Training dataset was used to identify the optimal hyperparameters which provided the highest accuracy in a fivefold internal cross-validation of each model. (d) The performance of all algorithms were evaluated with another, unseen, testing dataset