Table 1.
Physiological causes | |
Menopause Pregnancy Fever | |
Diseases | |
Proliferative diseases | Myelodysplastic disorder Hodgkin’s lymphoma |
Endocrinopathies | Hyperthyroidism Pheochromocytoma Diabetes and hypoglycaemia Carcinoid syndrome Hypopituitarism and pituitary tumours Acromegaly |
Cardiac diseases | Heart failure Endocarditis |
Infectious diseases | Influenza HIV infection Tuberculosis Encephalitis |
Nervous system diseases | Pituitary stroke Post-traumatic spinal cord injuries Parkinson’s disease Familial dysautonomia Polyneuropathies |
Metabolic disorders | Obesity |
Psychiatric disorders | Alcoholism Generalized panic disorder Social phobia |
Drug adverse reactions | |
Opioid analgesics | Morphine, oxycodone, fentanyl, tramadol |
Cyclooxygenase inhibitors | Naproxen, nabumetone |
Antibiotics and antivirals | Ceftriaxone, ciprofloxacin, acyclovir |
Cardiac and hypotensive medicaments | Amlodipine, nifedipine, verapamil, carvedilol, metoprolol, enalapril, lisinopril, losartan, hydralazine, propafenone |
Antidepressants and mood stabilizers | Tricyclic antidepressants, neuroleptics |
Hypoglycaemic agents | Insulin, glipizide |
Topically used formulas | Glucocorticosteroids, isotretinoin |