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. 2022 May 25;12:8883. doi: 10.1038/s41598-022-08233-w

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© The Author(s) 2022

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article's Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article's Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Network reconstruction of viral spread between the sampled geographic locations show increased spread of influenza A/H1N1 (bottom row) compared with influenza A/H3N2 (top row) between 2009–2011, followed by an opposite trajectory between 2011–2013. Inferred viral spread networks between geographic locations are depicted between centers located in Asia (red), Europe (orange), North America (blue) and Pacific (purple). Viral spread events during a 1-year time window were pooled and numbers were shown on the arrows. The diameter of the nodes is proportional to the number of sink viral spread events, while the arrow width is proportional to the number of source spread events. The Quade test and correspondent post-hoc procedures were applied to test significant differences between spread trends and preferred viral spread trajectories are presented at the top. Significance level was set to 0.05.