Table 3. Vital signs, lab values, and symptoms at admission among PLWDH and matched controlsa.
| PLWDH | Controls | Matched P-value | Matched Prevalence-Ratio | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| (n = 853) | (n = 1,621) | ||||||
| col % | n | col % | n | mPR | (95% CI) | ||
| Vital signs | |||||||
| Elevated heart rateb | 24.1 | 205/851 | 25.3 | 409/1,618 | 0.57 | 0.96 | (0.83–1.11) |
| Elevated respiratory ratec | 26.0 | 221/851 | 26.3 | 425/1,616 | 0.96 | 1.00 | (0.88–1.15) |
| Low blood pressured | 10.3 | 88/852 | 10.2 | 165/1,621 | 0.91 | 1.01 | (0.80–1.29) |
| Fevere | 19.5 | 166/850 | 24.7 | 400/1,619 | 0.004 | 0.80 | (0.68–0.93) |
| O2 saturation | 0.046 | ||||||
| <90% | 19.9 | 169/850 | 23.8 | 385/1,616 | 0.91 | (0.77–1.07) | |
| 90–93% | 21.4 | 182/850 | 18.4 | 297/1,616 | 1.14 | (0.96–1.35) | |
| >93% | 58.7 | 499/850 | 57.8 | 934/1,616 | ref | ||
| Clinical lab values | |||||||
| Elevated hematocritf | 4.5 | 38/843 | 4.8 | 78/1,613 | 0.95 | 0.99 | (0.68–1.44) |
| Elevated platelet countg | 4.0 | 34/840 | 3.6 | 58/1,614 | 0.58 | 1.12 | (0.74–1.71) |
| Low platelet counth | 25.4 | 213/840 | 20.0 | 323/1,614 | 0.001 | 1.30 | (1.12–1.51) |
| Elevated sodiumi | 6.9 | 58/844 | 6.1 | 99/1,610 | 0.39 | 1.14 | (0.85–1.52) |
| Elevated BUNj | 48.6 | 409/842 | 41.6 | 670/1,610 | 0.0004 | 1.17 | (1.08–1.28) |
| Elevated creatininek | 43.3 | 365/843 | 33.5 | 540/1,610 | <0.0001 | 1.31 | (1.18–1.44) |
| Elevated glucosel | 73.0 | 616/844 | 84.3 | 1,357/1,609 | <0.0001 | 0.87 | (0.83–0.91) |
| Elevated ASTm | 55.4 | 445/803 | 59.6 | 918/1,541 | 0.08 | 0.94 | (0.87–1.01) |
| Elevated ALTn | 31.3 | 252/804 | 40.0 | 621/1,553 | <0.0001 | 0.79 | (0.70–0.89) |
| Inflammatory markers | |||||||
| Elevated white blood cell counto | 23.3 | 196/841 | 30.1 | 486/1,614 | 0.0003 | 0.77 | (0.67–0.89) |
| Elevated LDHp | 86.9 | 564/649 | 90.9 | 1,156/1,272 | 0.01 | 0.96 | (0.92–0.99) |
| Elevated CRPq | 37.4 | 247/660 | 43.2 | 573/1,326 | 0.03 | 0.89 | (0.81–0.99) |
| Elevated ferritinr | 73.4 | 481/655 | 78.9 | 1,017/1,289 | 0.004 | 0.93 | (0.88–0.98) |
| Elevated D-dimers | 69.7 | 419/601 | 72.9 | 881/1,208 | 0.26 | 0.97 | (0.91–1.02) |
| Composite: At least one elevated markert | 95.2 | 746/784 | 95.1 | 1,423/1,499 | 0.47 | 1.01 | (0.99–1.03) |
| Symptoms recorded u | |||||||
| Shortness of breath/respiratory distress | 65.7 | 560 | 64.4 | 1,044 | 0.34 | 1.03 | (0.97–1.09) |
| Cough | 56.7 | 484 | 60.3 | 978 | 0.19 | 0.96 | (0.9–1.02) |
| Fever/chills | 54.4 | 464 | 60.5 | 980 | 0.01 | 0.91 | (0.85–0.98) |
| Hypoxia | 22.2 | 189 | 22.7 | 368 | 0.71 | 0.97 | (0.84–1.13) |
| Myalgia | 20.0 | 171 | 18.3 | 296 | 0.19 | 1.12 | (0.95–1.31) |
| Diarrhea | 18.9 | 161 | 14.9 | 241 | 0.01 | 1.28 | (1.07–1.54) |
| Altered mental status/confusion | 15.6 | 133 | 10.3 | 167 | 0.0003 | 1.46 | (1.2–1.79) |
| Nausea/vomiting | 14.1 | 120 | 12.0 | 194 | 0.20 | 1.15 | (0.93–1.41) |
| Chest pain | 11.0 | 94 | 10.5 | 170 | 0.74 | 1.04 | (0.82–1.33) |
| Abdominal pain | 8.6 | 73 | 6.4 | 104 | 0.12 | 1.26 | (0.94–1.67) |
| Headache | 6.6 | 56 | 7.3 | 118 | 0.45 | 0.89 | (0.66–1.2) |
| Congestion | 3.8 | 32 | 3.0 | 48 | 0.23 | 1.31 | (0.84–2.04) |
| Sore throat | 3.4 | 29 | 3.5 | 57 | 0.86 | 0.96 | (0.62–1.48) |
| Loss of taste | 2.5 | 21 | 1.7 | 28 | 0.29 | 1.35 | (0.77–2.37) |
| Loss of smell | 1.8 | 15 | 0.8 | 13 | 0.06 | 1.97 | (0.97–3.98) |
| Upper-respiratory infection/influenza-like illness | 1.5 | 13 | 0.3 | 5 | 0.002 | 5.54 | (1.88–16.34) |
| Rash | 0.5 | 4 | 0.2 | 3 | 0.25 | 2.29 | (0.56–9.25) |
| Wheezing | 0.4 | 3 | 1.2 | 19 | 0.06 | 0.31 | (0.09–1.03) |
| Seizures | 0.4 | 3 | 0.4 | 7 | 0.73 | 0.80 | (0.21–2.98) |
| Blood clotsv | 0.4 | 3 | 0.4 | 7 | 0.70 | 0.77 | (0.21–2.82) |
| Hemoptysis | 0.4 | 3 | 0.4 | 7 | 0.74 | 0.80 | (0.21–2.98) |
Abbreviations: PLWDH, persons living with diagnosed HIV; mPR, matched prevalence-ratio; BUN, blood urea nitrogen; AST, aspartate transaminase; ALT, alanine aminotransferase; LDH, lactate dehydrogenase; CRP, c-reactive protein.
aExcludes vital signs/ laboratory values with less than 70% completion among PLWDH: IL-6 (82%), Glasgow Coma Scale (76%), fibrinogen (75%), arterial pH (72%), ESR (71%), and procalcitonin (41%).
bElevated heart rate: > 110 beats per minute.
cElevated respiratory rate: > 22 breaths per minute.
dLow blood pressure rate: systolic blood pressure < 90 mmHG or diastolic blood pressure < 60 mmHG.
eFever: temperature > 38.0 degrees Celsius.
fElevated hematocrit level: > 47% for females, > 50% for males.
gElevated platelet count: > 450 cells x 109/L.
hLow platelet count: < 150 cells x 109/L.
iElevated sodium level: > 145 mmol.
jElevated BUN level: > 20 mg/dL.
kElevated creatinine level: > 1.2 mg/dL for females, > 1.4 mg/dL for males.
lElevated glucose level: > 99 mg/dL.
mElevated AST level: > 40 U/L.
nElevated ALT level: > 40 U/L.
oElevated white blood cell count: > 9.6 cells x 109/L.
pElevated LDH level: > 225 U/L.
qElevated CRP level: > 0.8 mg/dL.
rElevated ferritin level: > 307 ng/mL for females, 336 ng/mL for males.
sElevated D-dimer level: > 500 ng/mL.
tElevated inflammatory marker was defined by meeting at least one of the following criteria: LDH > 225 U/L, CRP > 80 mg/L, ferritin > 307 ng/mL for females and 336 ng/mL for males, D-Dimer > 500 ng/mL, IL-6 > 1.8 pg/mL, procalcitonin > 0.10 ng/mL, ESR > 20mm/hr for females and 15 mm/hr for males, and fibrinogen > 400 mg/dL.
uAdditional symptom reported only among PLWDH included conjunctivitis (n = 1).
vBlood clots include deep vein thrombosis, pulmonary embolism, and thrombosis.