Table 2.
Characteristics of included studies (N=12; part 1).
| Study | Design | Countrya | Sample sizeb | Age (years), mean (SD)b | Female participants, n (%)b | Ethnicity of participants, n (%)b |
| Horsch et al [45] | RCTc | The Netherlands | 151 | 40 (13) | 94 (62) | Not reported |
| Pulantara et al [46] | Pre-post | United States | 27 | 36 (10) | 3 (11) | White: 20 (74) |
| Murawski et al [24] | RCT | Australia | 160 | 42 (10) | 128 (80) | White: 146 (91) and Asian: 10 (6) |
| Kang et al [47] | Pre-post | Korea | 19 | 45 (10) | 12 (63) | Not reported |
| Espie et al [48] | RCT | English-speaking | 1711 | 48 (14) | 1329 (78) | White: 1558 (91); mixed: 36 (2); other: 35 (2); Asian: 45 (3); and Black: 19 (1) |
| Reilly et al [49] | Pre-post | United States | 38 | 44 (11) | 6 (16) | White: 34 (90); Black: 2 (5); Puerto Rican: 2 (5); Filipino: 2 (5); American Indian: 1 (3); and other: 2 (5) |
| Luik et al [50] | Pre-post | England | 98 | 44 (15) | 65 (66) | Not reported |
| Oftedal et al [51] | RCT | Australia | 40 | 36 (10) | 21 (53) | White: 36 (90); Asian: 2 (5); Middle Eastern: 1 (2.5); and Aboriginal or Torres Straight or Pacific Islander: 1 (2.5) |
| van Drongelen et al [52] | RCT | The Netherlands | 502 | 41 (8) | 34 (7) | Not reported |
| Bostock et al [53] | RCT | United States | 270 | 34 (6) | 90 (33) | Not reported |
| Horsch et al [54] | Pre-post | The Netherlands | 45 | 35 (14) | 30 (67) | Not reported |
| Chu et al [55] | Pre-post | Taiwan | 18 | 22 (1) | 15 (83) | Not reported |
aIf country is not specified (ie, recruited via the web without a country requirement) then the language requirement is stated.
bSample size and sample characteristics are at baseline (or posttest, if unavailable). Unaccounted percentages are nonresponders. Percentages over 100% represent biracial or multiple categories selected or attributed to rounding.
cRCT: randomized controlled trial.