Figure 2.

The mapping of antiviral drug targets focusing on host innate immune responses against IAV. The host PRRs can recognize dsRNA or ssRNA during IAV replication and quickly activate the innate immune signaling pathways to induce the expression of interferons and downstream ISGs, thereby inhibiting one or multiple steps of the IAV replication cycle. Meanwhile, IAV has evolved multiple strategies to directly or indirectly antagonize host innate immunity at transcriptional, translational, post-translational modification, and epigenetic levels. Notably, microRNAs, lncRNAs, and vtRNAs regulate innate immune signaling pathways. Theoretically, these host biomolecules, which regulate the host innate immune signaling pathways and the viral antagonism of host innate immune responses, could be used as potential antiviral drug targets. The red, blue, purple, peacock blue lines respectively indicate that IAV proteins, microRNAs, lncRNAs, vtRNAs target various steps of host innate immune signaling pathways.