Table 4.
Roles of lncRNAs involved in regulating IAV replication.
| LncRNAs | Effect on IAV replication | Expression level after IAV infection | Mechanisms |
|---|---|---|---|
| lncRNA-155 | Inhibitive | ↑ | Inhibits the expression of PTP1B, a negative regulator of the interferon signaling pathway, to promote the production of IFN-β and ISGs, such as IFITM3 |
| lncRNA-ACOD1 | Promotive | ↑ | binds directly to Glutamate oxalate transaminase-2 (GOT2), thereby promoting the catalytic activity of GOT2 and the synthesis of its metabolites to facilitate IAV replication |
| lncRNA-IPAN | Promotive | ↑ | Binds to PB1 protein to form the IPAN/PB1 complex, thereby protecting PB1 from degradation |
| lncRNA-ISG20 | Inhibitive | ↑ | As a ceRNA, it counters the targeting inhibitory effect of miR-326 on ISG20 by binding to miR-326, promoting ISG20 translation indirectly |
| lncRNA-IVRPIE | Inhibitive | ↑ | Affects histone modifications at the transcriptional start site of IFNβ and ISGs, and promotes the expression of ISGs, such as ISG15 |
| lncRNA-MxA | Promotive | ↑ | Blocks the transcription of IFN-β through the formation of RNA-DNA triplex structures at the promoter site, thereby inhibiting the expression of ISGs, such as IFITM3 |
| lncRNA-NRAV | Promotive | ↓ | affects histone modifications at the transcription start site and suppresses the expression of ISGs, such as IFITM3 |
| lncRNA-PAAN | Promotive | ↑ | Interacts with PA protein to promote the assembly of RdRp complexes, thus increasing the RNA polymerase activity |
| lncRNA-TSPOAP1-AS1 | Promotive | ↑ | Inhibits transcription of IFN-β and activation of the ISRE promoter, thereby suppressing the expression of ISGs, such as IFITM3 |