Table 5.
Strategies of IAV to antagonize host innate immune signaling pathways.
| Classification of targets or other signal transduction processes | Targets | Viral proteins | Mechanisms |
|---|---|---|---|
| PRRs | RIG-I | NS1 | Inhibits signal transduction mediated by targets and thus down-regulate the expression of interferons and downstream ISGs |
| Signaling proteins | MAVS | PB1-F2 | |
| PB2 | |||
| TRAF3 | NS1 | ||
| PB2 | |||
| IKKα | NS1 | ||
| IKKβ | NS1 | ||
| PB1-F2 | |||
| Transcription factors | NF-κB | NS1 | |
| IRF3 | NS1 | ||
| PA | |||
| The nuclear import of transcription factors | IRF3 | PA | |
| NF-κB | PA-X | ||
| The transcription of interferon | promoter regions | NS1 | Blocks IFN-β transcription and thereby inhibits the expression of interferons and downstream ISGs |