Table 3.
Association between the overall score for the Hand Hygiene Self-Assessment Framework (HHSAF) survey 2019 and country and health-care facility characteristics by generalised estimating equation; country was included as cluster and post-stratification weights were applied
| Coefficient (95% CI) | p value | |
|---|---|---|
| World Bank Income level (ref high) | ||
| Upper-middle income | −20·0 (−69·4 to 29·4) | 0·42 |
| Lower-middle income | −75·7 (−134·6 to −16·7) | 0·012 |
| Low income | −137·9 (−195·9 to −79·9) | <0·0001 |
| WHO region (ref Africa) | ||
| Americas | −11·5 (−74·4 to 51·3) | 0·72 |
| Eastern Mediterranean | 13·8 (−41·6 to 69·2) | 0·63 |
| Europe | −30·1 (−97·8 to 37·7) | 0·39 |
| South East Asia | −45·5 (−121·2 to 30·2) | 0·24 |
| Western Pacific | 10·5 (−55·2 to 76·3) | 0·75 |
| Nationally coordinated data collection (ref no) | ||
| Yes | −18·4 (−49·5 to 12·8) | 0·25 |
| Facility level (ref primary) | ||
| Secondary | −33·2 (−85·0 to 18·6) | 0·21 |
| Tertiary | 0·00 (−51·7 to 51·7) | 1·00 |
| Other* | 12·8 (−12·9 to 38·5) | 0·33 |
| Type of facility (ref public) | ||
| Private | 79·6 (44·0 to 115·1) | 0·0001 |
| Other† | 61·9 (18·0 to 105·7) | 0·0057 |
Only includes complete surveys (n=3048).
*
This includes mixed private-public facilities, mission hospitals, or unspecified.
†
Specialised centres (eg, cardiology, HIV, nephrology, neurology, oncology, obstetrics, plastic surgery, palliative care, rehabilitation, tuberculosis).