Table 1.

Summary of chemiluminescent probes discussed in this review.

Animal imaging
Probe	λα (nm)	Analyte	Mice, Injection	Peak Brightness a	Trials	Time Course	Ref
Ratio-pHCL-1	530, 580	PH	BALB-C, IP	1x108 p s−1 cm−2 sr−1	3	Single	[19]
CL-F	540	F−	BALB-C, back injection	Arbitrary units	2	Single	[20]
PCL	450–470	Pd2+	Subcutaneous	4.5x107 p s−1 cm−2 sr−1	3	35 min	[21]
SCL-2	450–470	H2S	BALB-C, IP	2.5x107 p s−1 cm−2 sr−1	3	60-min	[22]
SHCL	540	biothiols	Subcutaneous	1.5x10s p s−1 cm−2 sr−1	3	Single	[23]
HNOCL-1	525	HNO	BALB-C, IP	3.6x10s p s−1 cm−2 sr−1	1	30-min	[24]
HyCL-4-AM	516	Hypoxia in tumors	IM, IP	10s p s−1 cm−2 sr−1	3–6	100-min	[25]
CL-N	525	HOCl	BALB-C, IP, IT	Signal/noise ratios	1	60-min (IP) 80-min (IT)	[26]
HOCL-CL-510	520-540	HOCl	Subcutaneous, IP, tibiotarsal joint	10® p s−1 cm−2 sr−1	1	30-min (Sub) 21-min (IP) 12-min (TibJ)	[27]
HCCL-2	520-540	HOCl	BALB-C, IP	1.3x108 p s−1 cm−2 sr−1	3	10 min	[28]
H2O2-CL-510	520-540	H2O2	Live rat, brain ventricle	105 p s−1 cm−2 sr−1	3	12 min	[30]
NCR1, NCR2	700	O2•−, ONOO−	Live mice, IV	13x106 p s−1 cm−2 sr−1	3	60-120 min	[31]
QM-B-CF	600	H2O2	Live mice, IT	5.6x105 p s−1 cm−2 sr−1	1	120-min	[32]
CL-SO	700	1O2	BALA-C, IP	17500 cps	2	12-min	[34]
ACLD	620	N2H4	BALB-C, skin-pop	Arbitrary units	1	80-min	[35]
CFR	540	O2•−	IV	6x104 p s−1 cm−2 sr−1	3	120 min	[36]
MRPD	540	O2•−	IV	4.8x104 p s−1 cm−2 sr−1	3	120 min	[37]
CFCL	550	FAP-α	BALB-C, IV, IT	106 p s−1 cm−2 sr−1	1	60-min 110-min	[38]
Probe 1	520–540	Granzyme-B	IT	1.5x107 p s−1	3	-	[39]
NCPSG	>750	β-galactosidase	IT	104 p s−1 cm−2 sr−1	3	60-min	[40]
MSN@H6L@β-CD@AMPPD	660	Alkaline phosphatase	IV	90 Arbitrary units	5	60-min	[41]
Chemiluminescence microscopy
Probe	λCL (nm)	Analyte	Cell Type	Instrumentation		Acquisition time (s)	Ref
H2O2-CL	540	H2O2	Caco-2	Olympus IX73 inverted microscope, EM-CCD camera		5	[29]
NCR1, NCR2	700	O2•−, ONOO−	HK2	LX71 inverted microscope, infinity 3-1 (Lumenera) CCD camera		10	[31]
NCPSG	>750	β-galactosidase	SKOV3	LX71 inverted microscope, infinity 3-1 (Lumenera) CCD camera		60	[40]
Monitoring disease and infection
Probe	λCL (nm)	Enzyme detected				Signal intensity	Ref
CLSP	520–540	Esterase–Salmonella				1.6x107 RLU	[42]
CLLP	520–540	Phospholipase–Listeria Monocytogenesis				1.0x106 RLU	[42]
CPCL	540	Carbapenemase–Imipenem-resistant Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Klebsiella pneumoniae				40000 RLU	[43]
CCP	470	β-lactamase–E. Coli				1000 LU	[44]
FLASH	520–540	Hip-1–Mycobacterium tuberculosis				2.5x105 RLU	[45]
CLPSA	520–540	Prostate specific antigen–Human semen				~20000 RLU	[46]
Ub-CL	520–540	Deubiquitinating enzymes				180000 RLU	[47]

^aHighest pixel intensity in image.