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. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2023 May 1.
Published in final edited form as: J Control Release. 2022 Feb 11;345:176–189. doi: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2022.02.011

Figure 2.

Figure 2.

The delivery challenge of peptide/protein-based drugs in various routes. A. Mucus barrier, biochemical barrier, and cellular barrier in oral drug delivery. B. Mucus barrier, biochemical barrier, immunological barrier, and cellular barrier in pulmonary drug delivery. C. Mucus barrier, mechanical barrier, and cellular barrier in nasal drug delivery. D. Cellular barrier in transdermal drug delivery. E. three types of parenteral drug delivery.