Table 1.
Comparison of demographics and characteristics of the high hog exposed ZIP codes (>75th percentile of the distance weighted hog measure), the unweighted control ZIP codes with no hog CAFO exposure, and the inverse probability of treatment weighted (IPTW) control. The IPTW control was matched on rurality, percent white, percent uninsured, and median income (data from 2017 American Community Survey, weights truncated at the 1st and 99th percentile).
| Characteristic | Unweighted Control | IPT-Weighted Control (modeled control) | High Hog Exposed (>75th percentile) |
|---|---|---|---|
| Total Population | 2,293,170 | 654,293 | 765,602 |
| American Indian, N (%) | 17,683 (0.8) | 18,246 (2.8) | 34,156 (4.5) |
| Asian, N (%) | 38,209 (1.7) | 6,172 (0.9) | 5,409 (0.7) |
| Black, N (%) | 207,737 (9.1) | 155,106 (23.7) | 203,438 (26.6) |
| Hispanic, N (%) | 147,184 (6.4) | 47,484 (7.3) | 90,418 (11.8) |
| White non-Hispanic, N (%) | 1,933,070 (84.3) | 435,252 (66.5) | 476,674 (62.3) |
| Other race, N (%) | 48,264 (2.1) | 20,147 (3.1) | 23,062 (3.0) |
| Uninsured, N (%) | 237,228 (10.3) | 71,908 (11.0) | 98,119 (12.8) |
| Median Income (U.S. dollars) | 45,835 | 39,725 | 38,226 |
| Rurality Score1 | 7.56 | 8.00 | 8.06 |
| Hogs, N | 0 | 0 | 7,834,422 |
| Average Hog Density (hogs/sqmi) | 0 | 0 | 831 |
| Poultry, N | 8,685,8060 | 27,969,195 | 194,548,824 |
| Average Poultry Density (birds/sqmi) | 5,788 | 4,066 | 22,446 |
| Total ED2 Visits | 3,101,694 | 1,041,486 | 1,630,070 |
| Total AGI3 Visits | 205,116 | 61,301 | 79,293 |
| ED Rate per 10,000 people | 3,381 | 3,979 | 5,323 |
| AGI ED Rate per 10,000 people | 224 | 234 | 259 |
| Sum of Weights | 242 | 95 | 104 |
| Number of ZIP Codes | 242 | 241 | 104 |
1
Rurality was measured using a continuous geographic isolation scale that classifies ZIP codes according to their access to resources, higher value indicates greater isolation (more rural)(Doogan et al., 2018)
2
ED: emergency department
3
AGI: acute gastrointestinal illness