Table 2.
Baseline demographic, health, and behavioral characteristics among 21,442 COSMOS participants, according to sex.
| Baseline Characteristica | Men (N=8776)b | Women (N=12666)b |
|---|---|---|
| Mean age (SD), years | 69.0 (6.1) | 74.2 (6.0) |
| Age group, years, % 60–69 70–74 75–79 80–84 ≥85 |
5580 (63.6) 1753 (20.0) 898 (10.2) 382 (4.4) 163 (1.9) |
3644 (28.8) 4021 (31.7) 2853 (22.5) 1379 (10.9) 769 (6.1) |
| Hispanic/Latino, % | 233 (2.8) | 311 (2.6) |
| Race, % White Black Asian/Pacific Islander American Indian/Alaskan Native Multiracial/other/unknown or not reported |
7940 (90.5) 392 (4.5) 254 (2.9) 19 (0.2) 171 (1.9) |
11354 (89.6) 739 (5.8) 245 (1.9) 40 (0.3) 288 (2.3) |
| Geographic region, % Northeast Midwest/Mountain South West/Southwest |
2721 (31.0) 2063 (23.5) 2596 (29.6) 1396 (15.9) |
3220 (25.4) 3008 (23.7) 3555 (28.1) 2883 (22.8) |
| Education, % High school diploma/GED or less Attended or graduated from college Post-college |
540 (6.2) 3348 (38.5) 4808 (55.3) |
1756 (14.0) 5337 (42.6) 5433 (43.4) |
| Health History | ||
| Mean body mass index (SD), kg/m2 | 27.9 (4.7) | 27.5 (5.8) |
| Obesity, % | 2291 (26.3) | 3427 (27.8) |
| Hypertension, % | 5074 (57.9) | 7349 (58.2) |
| Ever use of anti-hypertensive medication, % | 4530 (52.3) | 6687 (53.4) |
| Current use of cholesterol-lowering medication, % | 4302 (49.2) | 5103 (40.7) |
| Diabetes, % | 1273 (14.5) | 1591 (12.6) |
| Current use of antidiabetic medication, % | 1014 (11.6) | 1219 (9.6) |
| Parental history of premature myocardial infarction, % | 1625 (20.4) | 2487 (22.4) |
| Personal history of revascularization procedure, % | 564 (6.4) | 298 (2.4) |
| Personal history of cancer, % Only melanoma Melanoma plus non-skin cancer Only non-skin cancer |
1346 (15.3) 342 (3.9) 59 (0.7) 945 (10.8) |
2204 (17.4) 337 (2.7) 72 (0.6) 1795 (14.2) |
| Family history of cancer in first degree relative Colorectal, % Breast (women only, %) Prostate (men only, %) Lung, % |
1384 (16.7) NA 1548 (18.7) 1378 (16.7) |
2364 (19.7) 2522 (21.1) NA 2191 (18.4) |
| Behavioral characteristics and medication use | ||
| Smoking, % Current Past Never |
415 (4.8) 3622 (41.8) 4620 (53.4) |
420 (3.4) 5109 (41.0) 6945 (55.7) |
| Leisure-time physical activity and stair climbing, total MET hours/week, median (IQR) | 20.3 (7.5, 36.9) | 15.9 (4.7, 31.3) |
| Aspirin use in past month, % | 4700 (53.8) | 5679 (45.4) |
| Postmenopausal hormone use, % (women only) Current Past Never |
NA NA NA |
1021 (8.2) 6158 (49.7) 5199 (42.0) |
| Screening behaviors in past 10 years Colonoscopy/sigmoidoscopy, % Prostate-specific antigen test, % (men only) Mammogram, % (women only) |
7441 (85.8) 6958 (81.3) NA |
10131 (81.7) NA 11650 (93.4) |
| Dietary factors at initial screening | ||
| Calcium intake from supplements, % None ≤1200 mg/day >1200 mg/day |
5920 (67.9) 2668 (30.6) 126 (1.5) |
4997 (40.1) 6532 (52.4) 940 (7.5) |
| Vitamin D intake from supplements, % None ≤1000 IU/day >1000 IU/day |
4519 (52.0) 3008 (34.6) 1166 (13.4) |
3441 (27.6) 5662 (45.4) 3370 (27.0) |
| Current use of multivitamins, % | 3208 (36.7) | 5587 (44.3) |
| Current use of cocoa extract supplements, % | 28 (0.3) | 63 (0.5) |
| Chocolate intake Rarely Monthly Weekly Daily or more often |
1442 (18.5) 1108 (14.2) 4378 (56.2) 862 (11.1) |
1910 (16.0) 1815 (15.2) 6751 (56.6) 1455 (12.2) |
| Alcohol use, % Rarely Monthly Weekly Daily or more often |
7810 (89.0) 1814 (23.2) 441 (5.6) 2762 (35.4) 2793 (35.8) |
11931 (94.2) 4053 (34.0) 1021 (8.6) 4374 (36.7) 2483 (20.8) |
a
Variable definitions are provided in footnotes to Table 1.
b
For categorical variables, this column contains # participants in category/% of nonmissing responses. For continuous variables, this column contains mean (standard deviation) or median (interquartile range) for nonmissing responses.