Table 3.
Baseline demographic, health, and behavioral characteristics among 21,442 COSMOS participants, in the overall cohort and according to participation in (a) the baseline blood subcohort, (b) the baseline clinic subcohort, and (c) those with a baseline history of cancer.
| Baseline Characteristica | Total cohortb (N=21,442) | Blood subcohort (N=6867) | Clinic subcohortc (N=603) | Baseline History of Cancer (N=3550) |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Sex, % Male Female |
8776 (40.9) 12666 (59.1) |
3369 (49.1) 3498 (50.9) |
306 (50.7) 297 (49.3) |
1346 (37.9) 2204 (62.1) |
| Mean age (SD), years | 72.1 (6.6) | 71.1 (6.3) | 69.7 (5.5) | 73.9 (6.5) |
| Age group, years, % 60–69 70–74 75–79 80–84 ≥85 |
9224 (43.0) 5774 (26.9) 3751 (17.5) 1761 (8.2) 932 (4.4) |
3363 (49.0) 1785 (26.0) 1078 (15.7) 421 (6.1) 220 (3.2) |
347 (57.5) 165 (27.4) 63 (10.4) 25 (4.1) 3 (0.5) |
1043 (29.4) 1110 (31.3) 776 (21.9) 398 (11.2) 223 (6.3) |
| Hispanic/Latino, % | 544 (2.6) | 160 (2.4) | 6 (1.0) | 65 (1.9) |
| White race, % | 19294 (90.0) | 6427 (93.6) | 586 (97.2) | 3246 (91.4) |
| Geographic region, % Northeast Midwest/Mountain South West/Southwest |
5941 (27.7) 5071 (23.7) 6151 (28.7) 4279 (20.0) |
1969 (28.7) 1696 (24.7) 1887 (27.5) 1315 (19.1) |
603 (100) |
955 (26.9) 876 (24.7) 961 (27.1) 758 (21.4) |
| Education, % High school diploma/GED or less Attended or graduated from college Post-college |
2296 (10.8) 8685 (40.9) 10241 (48.3) |
588 (8.7) 2773 (40.9) 3426 (50.5) |
37 (6.2) 236 (39.8) 320 (54.0) |
363 (10.4) 1405 (40.2) 1731 (49.5) |
| Health History | ||||
| Mean body mass index (SD), kg/m2 | 27.7 (5.4) | 27.6 (5.3) | 27.1 (4.9) | 27.6 (5.4) |
| Obesity, % | 5718 (27.2) | 1753 (25.9) | 136 (22.8) | 923 (26.5) |
| Hypertension, % | 12423 (58.1) | 3865 (56.4) | 301 (49.9) | 2190 (61.9) |
| Ever use of anti-hypertensive medication, % | 11217 (53.0) | 3499 (51.6) | 261 (44.0) | 1989 (56.8) |
| Current use of cholesterol-lowering medication, % | 9405 (44.2) | 3118 (45.6) | 254 (42.2) | 1672 (47.5) |
| Diabetes, % | 2864 (13.4) | 871 (12.7) | 66 (11.0) | 484 (13.6) |
| Current use of antidiabetic medication, % | 2233 (10.4) | 660 (9.6) | 53 (8.8) | 377 (10.6) |
| Parental history of premature myocardial infarction, % | 4112 (21.6) | 1386 (22.3) | 124 (22.8) | 692 (22.1) |
| Personal history of revascularization procedure, % | 862 (4.0) | 291 (4.2) | 23 (3.8) | 159 (4.5) |
| Personal history of cancer, % Only melanoma Melanoma plus non-skin cancer Only non-skin cancer |
3550 (16.6) 679 (3.2) 131 (0.6) 2740 (12.8) |
1149 (16.7) 205 (3.0) 43 (0.6) 901 (13.1) |
94 (15.6) 20 (3.3) 1 (0.2) 73 (12.1) |
3550 (100.0) 679 (19.1) 131 (3.7) 2740 (77.2) |
| Family history of cancer in first degree relative Colorectal, % Breast (women only, %) Prostate (men only, %) Lung, % |
3748 (18.5) 2522 (21.1) 1547 (18.7) 3569 (17.7) |
1220 (18.7) 717 (21.5) 602 (18.8) 1160 (17.8) |
98 (17.2) 56 (19.6) 54 (19.1) 107 (18.9) |
677 (20.3) 509 (24.6) 321 (25.3) 629 (18.9) |
| Behavioral characteristics and medication use | ||||
| Smoking, % Current Past Never |
835 (4.0) 8731 (41.3) 11565 (54.7) |
254 (3.7) 2829 (41.7) 3701(54.6) |
14 (2.3) 260 (43.6) 323 (54.1) |
117 (3.3) 1562 (44.7) 1817 (52.0) |
| Leisure-time physical activity and stair climbing, total METhours/week, median (IQR) | 17.6 (5.7–33.5) | 20.0 (7.3, 35.3) | 20.0 (8.1, 36.6) | 16.6 (5.4, 31.4) |
| Aspirin use in past month, % | 10379 (48.9) | 3383 (49.6) | 274 (45.8) | 1681 (47.9) |
| Postmenopausal hormone use, % (women only) Current Past Never |
1021 (8.2) 6158 (49.7) 5199 (42.0) |
337 (9.8) 1717 (50.2) 1368 (40.0) |
29 (9.8) 121 (41.0) 145 (49.2) |
128 (6.0) 1096 (51.1) 921 (42.9) |
| Screening behaviors in past 10 years Colonoscopy/sigmoidoscopy, % Prostate-specific antigen test, % (men only) Mammogram, % (women only) |
17572 (83.4) 6958 (81.3) 11650 (93.4) |
5862 (86.5) 2748 (83.2) 3280 (94.9) |
557 (93.5) 234 (78.3) 290 (98.3) |
3047 (87.3) 1159 (88.1) 2007 (92.8) |
| Dietary factors at initial screening | ||||
| Calcium intake from supplements, % None ≤1200 mg/day >1200 mg/day |
10917 (51.5) 9200 (43.4) 1066 (5.0) |
3511 (51.7) 2938 (43.3) 343 (5.1) |
328 (54.9) 246 (41.2) 23 (3.9) |
1639 (46.8) 1663 (47.5) 202 (5.8) |
| Vitamin D intake from supplements, % None ≤1000 IU/day >1000 IU/day |
7960 (37.6) 8670 (41.0) 4536 (21.4) |
2535 (37.3) 2718 (40.0) 1545 (22.7) |
239 (40.0) 249 (41.7) 109 (18.3) |
1123 (32.0) 1524 (43.4) 863 (24.6) |
| Current use of multivitamins, % | 8795 (41.2) | 2904 (42.4) | 231 (38.4) | 1594 (45.1) |
| Current use of cocoa extract supplements, % | 91 (0.4) | 19 (0.3) | 2 (0.3) | 17 (0.5) |
| Chocolate intake Rarely Monthly Weekly Daily or more often |
3352 (17.0) 2923 (14.8) 11129 (56.4) 2317 (11.8) |
1054 (16.2) 967 (14.9) 3712 (57.2) 757 (11.7) |
96 (16.7) 82 (14.2) 330 (57.5) 66 (11.5) |
562 (17.3) 462 (14.2) 1846 (56.8) 382 (11.7) |
| Alcohol use, % Rarely Monthly Weekly Daily or more often |
5867 (29.7) 1462 (7.4) 7136 (36.2) 5276 (26.7) |
1745 (26.9) 431 (6.6) 2387 (36.7) 1936 (29.8) |
131 (22.9) 33 (5.8) 226 (39.6) 181 (31.7) |
970 (29.8) 238 (7.3) 1167 (35.9) 877 (27.0) |
a
Variable definitions are provided in footnotes to Table 1.
b
For categorical variables, this column contains # participants in category/% of nonmissing responses. For continuous variables, this column contains mean (standard deviation) or median (interquartile range) for nonmissing responses.
c
Participants in the greater Boston area willing to complete a baseline clinic visit toward the end of the run-in phase and just before their final eligibility assessment and randomization