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. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2024 Apr 1.
Published in final edited form as: Br J Pharmacol. 2022 Jan 21;180(7):975–993. doi: 10.1111/bph.15760

Figure 1: Summary of Novel Approaches to Improve Opioid Therapy.

Figure 1:

A summary scheme for each novel approach profiled in this review is shown. Each includes exemplary novel ligands created to exploit these strategies, all of which result in enhanced analgesia with reduced or maintained side effects. MOR = mu opioid receptor; NOP = nociceptin orphanin/FQ receptor; KOR = kappa opioid receptor; DOR = delta opioid receptor; HSP90 = heat shock protein 90; βarr2 = βarrestin2; MDOR = mu/delta opioid receptor heterodimer; 6TM-MOR = 6 transmembrane segment MOR splice variant. Figure created with BioRender.com.