TABLE 1.
Baseline characteristics of participants with diabetes by quintile of METS-IR in NHANES 1999–2014.
| Total | Quintile 1 (≤ 41) |
Quintile 2 (41–47) |
Quintile 3 (47–54) |
Quintile 4 (54–63) |
Quintile 5 (> 63) |
P-value | |
| METS-IR | 52.44 ± 0.47 | 35.74 ± 0.25 | 44.40 ± 0.10 | 50.74 ± 0.14 | 58.6 ± 0.19 | 72.62 ± 0.60 | <0.001 |
| Age (mean ± SE), years | 57.12 ± 0.39 | 60.29 ± 0.95 | 59.79 ± 0.82 | 58.18 ± 0.89 | 56.31 ± 0.84 | 51.03 ± 0.85 | <0.001 |
| Gender | 0.708 | ||||||
| Male | 1341 (52.8) | 268 (52.8) | 266 (52.5) | 288 (56.6) | 262 (51.5) | 257 (50.4) | |
| Female | 1201 (47.2) | 239 (47.2) | 241 (47.5) | 221 (43.4) | 221 (48.5) | 252 (49.6) | |
| Race/ethnicity | <0.001 | ||||||
| Mexican American | 256 (10.1) | 29 (5.8) | 55 (10.9) | 59 (11.5) | 59 (11.5) | 54 (10.6) | |
| Other Hispanic | 165 (6.5) | 42 (8.3) | 34 (6.8) | 43 (8.5) | 28 (5.5) | 18 (3.5) | |
| Non-Hispanic White | 1505 (59.2) | 270 (53.2) | 279 (55.0) | 311 (61.0) | 318 (62.5) | 326 (64.2) | |
| Non-Hispanic black | 402 (15.8) | 82 (16.2) | 89 (17.6) | 71 (14.0) | 81 (15.8) | 79 (15.5) | |
| Other races | 214 (8.4) | 84 (16.5) | 50 (9.8) | 25 (5.0) | 23 (4.6) | 32 (6.2) | |
| BMI (mean ± SE), kg/m2 | 32.50 ± 0.22 | 24.42 ± 0.15 | 28.70 ± 0.14 | 31.71 ± 0.19 | 35.82 ± 0.25 | 41.84 ± 0.44 | <0.001 |
| SBP (mean ± SE), mmHg | 130.14 ± 0.56 | 132.11 ± 1.55 | 129.51 ± 1.12 | 130.71 ± 1.38 | 129.36 ± 1.10 | 129.02 ± 1.34 | 0.141 |
| Total cholesterol (mean ± SE), mg/dL | 192.00 ± 1.32 | 189.77 ± 2.80 | 192.02 ± 2.52 | 190.70 ± 3.08 | 193.41 ± 2.86 | 194.12 ± 3.91 | 0.279 |
| Alcohol user | 0.341 | ||||||
| Yes | 1712 (67.3) | 336 (66.2) | 335 (66.1) | 358 (70.2) | 362 (71.0) | 322 (63.2) | |
| No | 830 (32.7) | 172 (33.8) | 172 (33.9) | 152 (29.8) | 148 (29.0) | 187 (36.8) | |
| Smoking status | 0.132 | ||||||
| Never smoker | 1255 (49.4) | 250 (49.2) | 253 (50.0) | 219 (43.0) | 246 (48.4) | 286 (56.3) | |
| Ever smoker | 848 (33.3) | 165 (32.5) | 185 (36.6) | 188 (36.9) | 167 (32.8) | 143 (28.0) | |
| Current smoker | 439 (17.3) | 93 (18.3) | 68 (13.4) | 102 (20.1) | 96 (18.8) | 80 (15.7) | |
| Education levels | 0.221 | ||||||
| <9th grade | 306 (12.0) | 56 (11.0) | 82 (16.1) | 77 (15.0) | 53 (10.5) | 38 (7.5) | |
| 9–11th grade | 403 (15.9) | 81 (15.9) | 73 (14.3) | 84 (16.5) | 84 (16.4) | 83 (16.2) | |
| 12th grade | 674 (26.5) | 125 (24.6) | 133 (26.2) | 139 (27.3) | 134 (26.3) | 144 (28.2) | |
| >12th grade | 1158 (45.6) | 246 (48.4) | 220 (43.4) | 210 (41.2) | 238 (46.8) | 244 (48.0) | |
| Family income-poverty ratio | 0.996 | ||||||
| ≤1.0 | 466 (18.3) | 98 (19.3) | 92 (18.1) | 87 (17.2) | 97 (19.1) | 91 (18.0) | |
| 1.0–3.0 | 1118 (44.0) | 220 (43.3) | 232 (45.7) | 222 (43.7) | 218 (42.9) | 225 (44.3) | |
| >3.0 | 958 (37.7) | 190 (37.4) | 183 (36.2) | 200 (39.2) | 194 (38.0) | 192 (37.7) | |
| Ideal physical activity | 0.056 | ||||||
| Yes | 996 (39.2) | 224 (44.2) | 218 (43.0) | 203 (39.9) | 180 (35.4) | 170 (33.4) | |
| No | 1546 (60.8) | 283 (55.8) | 289 (57.0) | 306 (60.1) | 329 (64.6) | 339 (66.6) | |
| Duration of diabetes | 0.007 | ||||||
| ≤3 years | 840 (33.0) | 121 (23.9) | 151 (29.8) | 170 (33.4) | 191 (37.6) | 207 (40.6) | |
| 3–10 years | 909 (35.8) | 198 (39.1) | 178 (35.2) | 196 (38.5) | 170 (33.3) | 166 (32.7) | |
| >10 years | 793 (31.2) | 188 (37.0) | 177 (35.0) | 143 (28.1) | 148 (29.1) | 136 (26.7) | |
| Hypoglycemic drugs | 0.001 | ||||||
| No insulin or oral drugs | 1047 (41.2) | 198 (39.0) | 209 (41.2) | 206 (40.5) | 235 (46.1) | 199 (39.2) | |
| Only oral drugs | 1116 (43.9) | 215 (42.4) | 235 (46.3) | 242 (47.4) | 216 (42.5) | 208 (40.9) | |
| Only insulin | 196 (7.7) | 63 (12.5) | 44 (8.6) | 34 (6.7) | 24 (4.6) | 32 (6.2) | |
| Oral drugs and insulin | 183 (7.2) | 31 (6.1) | 20 (3.9) | 28 (5.4) | 35 (6.8) | 70 (13.7) | |
| Lipid-lowering drugs | 0.651 | ||||||
| Yes | 1017 (40.0) | 210 (40.9) | 183 (36.2) | 216 (42.6) | 211 (41.5) | 197 (38.8) | |
| No | 1525 (60.0) | 303 (59.1) | 323 (63.8) | 291 (57.4) | 298 (58.5) | 311 (61.2) | |
| Hypertension | <0.001 | ||||||
| Yes | 1523 (59.9) | 232 (45.7) | 285 (56.2) | 319 (62.7) | 332 (65.3) | 354 (69.6) | |
| No | 1019 (40.1) | 275 (54.3) | 222 (43.8) | 190 (37.3) | 177 (34.7) | 154 (30.4) | |
| Hypercholesterolemia | 0.949 | ||||||
| Yes | 1486 (58.4) | 294 (58.0) | 290 (57.3) | 308 (60.5) | 301 (59.0) | 292 (57.4) | |
| No | 1056 (41.6) | 213 (42.0) | 217 (42.7) | 201 (39.5) | 209 (41.0) | 217 (42.6) | |
| CVDs | 0.402 | ||||||
| Yes | 559 (22.0) | 97 (19.0) | 113 (22.3) | 120 (23.6) | 129 (25.3) | 101 (19.8) | |
| No | 1983 (78.0) | 411 (81.0) | 394 (77.7) | 389 (76.4) | 381 (74.7) | 408 (80.2) | |
| Outcomes | |||||||
| All-cause mortality | <0.001 | ||||||
| Yes | 468 (18.4) | 134 (26.5) | 101 (19.9) | 94 (18.4) | 74 (14.6) | 64 (12.7) | |
| No | 2074 (81.6) | 373 (73.5) | 406 (80.1) | 416 (81.6) | 435 (85.4) | 444 (87.3) | |
| CVDs-related mortality | 0.508 | ||||||
| Yes | 116 (4.5) | 30 (5.9) | 27 (5.4) | 21 (4.1) | 18 (3.6) | 19 (3.7) | |
| No | 2426 (95.5) | 477 (94.1) | 480 (94.6) | 488 (95.9) | 491 (96.4) | 490 (96.3) | |
| Cancer-related mortality | 0.357 | ||||||
| Yes | 68 (2.7) | 12 (2.4) | 17 (3.3) | 19 (3.8) | 13 (2.5) | 7 (1.3) | |
| No | 2474 (97.3) | 495 (97.6) | 490 (96.7) | 490 (96.2) | 497 (97.5) | 502 (98.7) | |
Data were numbers (percentages) unless otherwise indicated. All estimates accounted for complex survey designs.