| Social assistance |
Cash and near cash benefits, in‐kind benefits, where receipt is not determined by individual contributions (i.e., noncontributory and publicly provided) |
For vulnerable/poor: conditional and unconditional cash or near cash transfers. Near cash transfers such as food vouchers. Conditional and unconditional in‐kind transfers (e.g., food parcels, layettes)
For parents/caregivers/family: childcare cash benefits/grants, birth grants, family allowances, maternity, and paternity benefits (e.g., cash benefits for pregnant and lactating women and girls, parents, parents on parental leave), death benefit, child benefit after divorce.
For income guarantee: Universal basic income, minimum income guarantee schemes
For unemployment: noncontributory unemployment benefits
For shelter: housing subsidies
For old age and disability: disability grants, social pensions, sick leave
Tax breaks for social purposes (e.g., childcare, care for the elderly)
For encouraging access to social services (e.g., fee waivers for healthcare, fee waivers for schooling, school vouchers, school feeding)
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| Social insurance |
Cash or near cash benefits where eligibility is determined based on personal contributions or employer contributions (i.e., contributory schemes) |
For the parents/caregivers/family: birth payments/benefits, maternity, paternity and parental leave, childcare cash benefits and family allowances (e.g., for public servants)
For unemployment: unemployment benefits/insurance for former employees
For illness, injury, death: health insurance
For shelter: housing subsidies for employees, household contents insurance
For old age: retirement pensions
|
| Labour market programmes |
Programmes and services that support employment and livelihoods and enable families to have enough income while ensuring provision and time for quality childcare. |
For hiring/encouraging employment: job search programmes, hiring subsidies, wage subsidies.
Direct job creation: public works programmes, temporary alternative employment schemes,
Skills development: job training or skills development
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| Social care services |
Direct outreach, case management and referral services to children and families |
For pregnancy/birth: prenatal and post‐natal services [not primary or secondary health care, (e.g., nurse home visiting)]
For family: family supports (e.g., parenting education, IPV interventions, centred based childcare, after school clubs)
For children and older dependents: care for children or older people
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