Table 3.
Cases aged 16–65 years diagnosed with certain gastrointestinal infections with no reported travel history, by sex, male-to-female ratio and percentage male, England, 2003–2013 (n = 504 123)
| Organism | Sex, m:f ratio and percentage male | 2003 | 2004 | 2005 | 2006 | 2007 | 2008 | 2009 | 2010 | 2011 | 2012 | 2013 | Total | P valuea |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Campylobacter spp. | Female | 14 559 | 13 981 | 14 986 | 14 451 | 15 713 | 14 929 | 17 552 | 18 977 | 19 295 | 18 934 | 17 119 | 180 496 | 0.114 |
| Male | 16 250 | 15 910 | 16 386 | 16 287 | 17 587 | 16 720 | 19 127 | 21 067 | 21 572 | 21 509 | 19 730 | 202 145 | ||
| Ratio | 1.1 | 1.1 | 1.1 | 1.1 | 1.1 | 1.1 | 1.1 | 1.1 | 1.1 | 1.1 | 1.2 | 1.1 | ||
| Percentage (95% CI) | 52.7 (52.2–53.3) | 53.2 (52.7–53.8) | 52.2 (51.7–52.8) | 53.0 (52.4–53.5) | 52.8 (52.3–53.4) | 52.8 (52.3–53.4) | 52.1 (51.6–52.7) | 52.6 (52.1–53.1) | 52.8 (52.3–53.3) | 53.2 (52.7–53.7) | 53.5 (53.0–54.1) | 52.8 (52.7–53) | ||
| Cryptosporidium spp. | Female | 1109 | 793 | 957 | 921 | 812 | 1041 | 1211 | 1011 | 721 | 1690 | 1009 | 11 275 | 0.259 |
| Male | 674 | 539 | 532 | 565 | 471 | 600 | 627 | 585 | 462 | 979 | 598 | 6632 | ||
| Ratio | 0.6 | 0.7 | 0.6 | 0.6 | 0.6 | 0.6 | 0.5 | 0.6 | 0.6 | 0.6 | 0.6 | 0.6 | ||
| Percentage (95% CI) | 37.8 (35.5–40.1) | 40.5 (37.8–43.2) | 35.7 (33.3–38.2) | 38.0 (35.5–40.5) | 36.7 (34.1–39.4) | 36.6 (34.2–38.9) | 34.1 (31.9–36.3) | 36.7 (34.3–39.1) | 39.1 (36.3–41.9) | 36.7 (34.8–38.5) | 37.2 (34.8–39.6) | 37.0 (36.3–37.7) | ||
| Entamoeba histolytica | Female | 56 | 71 | 61 | 48 | 33 | 51 | 29 | 30 | 34 | 56 | 32 | 501 | 0.365 |
| Male | 134 | 150 | 135 | 110 | 77 | 76 | 70 | 53 | 108 | 104 | 63 | 1080 | ||
| Ratio | 2.4 | 2.1 | 2.2 | 2.3 | 2.3 | 1.5 | 2.4 | 1.8 | 3.2 | 1.9 | 2.0b | 2.2 | ||
| Percentage (95% CI) | 70.5 (63.5–76.9) | 67.9 (61.3–74) | 68.9 (61.9–75.3) | 69.6 (61.8–76.7) | 70 (60.5–78.4) | 59.8 (50.8–68.4) | 70.7 (60.7–79.4) | 63.9 (52.6–74.1) | 76.1 (68.2–82.8) | 65 (57.1–72.4) | 66.3 (55.9–75.7) | 68.3 (66.0–70.6) | ||
| Giardia spp. | Female | 923 | 899 | 876 | 875 | 905 | 1039 | 1080 | 1163 | 1144 | 1180 | 1106 | 11 190 | <0.001 |
| Male | 1250 | 1219 | 1097 | 1058 | 1102 | 1226 | 1227 | 1317 | 1390 | 1418 | 1282 | 13 586 | ||
| Ratio | 1.4 | 1.4 | 1.3 | 1.2 | 1.2 | 1.2 | 1.1 | 1.1 | 1.2 | 1.2 | 1.2 | 1.2 | ||
| Percentage (95% CI) | 57.5 (55.4–59.6) | 57.6 (55.4–59.7) | 55.6 (53.4–57.8) | 54.7 (52.5–57) | 54.9 (52.7–57.1) | 54.1 (52–56.2) | 53.2 (51.1–55.2) | 53.1 (51.1–55.1) | 54.9 (52.9–56.8) | 54.6 (52.6–56.5) | 53.7 (51.7–55.7) | 54.8 (54.2–55.5) | ||
| Hepatitis A | Female | 244 | 135 | 98 | 84 | 159 | 260 | 140 | 65 | 52 | 66 | 83 | 1386 | <0.001 |
| Male | 537 | 283 | 227 | 159 | 159 | 285 | 151 | 141 | 82 | 88 | 66 | 2178 | ||
| Ratio | 2.2 | 2.1 | 2.3 | 1.9 | 1.0 | 1.1 | 1.1 | 2.2 | 1.6 | 1.3 | 0.8 | 1.6 | ||
| Percentage (95% CI) | 68.8 (65.4–72) | 67.7 (63–72.2) | 69.8 (64.5–74.8) | 65.4 (59.1–71.4) | 50.0 (44.4–55.6) | 52.3 (48.0–56.6) | 51.9 (46–57.8) | 68.4 (61.6–74.7) | 61.2 (52.4–69.5) | 57.1 (48.9–65.1) | 44.3 (36.2–52.7) | 61.1 (59.5–62.7) | ||
| Norovirus | Female | 237 | 343 | 289 | 411 | 577 | 652 | 802 | 1077 | 761 | 919 | 680 | 6748 | 0.001 |
| Male | 195 | 259 | 217 | 355 | 461 | 526 | 670 | 980 | 683 | 920 | 624 | 5890 | ||
| Ratio | 0.8 | 0.8 | 0.8 | 0.9 | 0.8 | 0.8 | 0.8 | 0.9 | 0.9 | 1.0 | 0.9 | 0.9 | ||
| Percentage (95% CI) | 45.1 (40.4–50) | 43.0 (39.0–47.1) | 42.9 (38.5–47.3) | 46.3 (42.8–49.9) | 44.4 (41.4–47.5) | 44.7 (41.8–47.5) | 45.5 (42.9–48.1) | 47.6 (45.5–49.8) | 47.3 (44.7–49.9) | 50.0 (47.7–52.3) | 47.9 (45.1–50.6) | 46.6 (45.7–47.5) | ||
| Salmonella spp. (non-typhoidal) | Female | 3393 | 3092 | 2446 | 2770 | 2610 | 1824 | 1703 | 1407 | 1489 | 1380 | 1249 | 23 363 | 0.032 |
| Male | 3213 | 3197 | 2434 | 2648 | 2467 | 1732 | 1763 | 1335 | 1335 | 1244 | 1179 | 22 547 | ||
| Ratio | 0.9 | 1.0 | 1.0 | 1.0 | 0.9 | 0.9 | 1.0 | 0.9 | 0.9 | 0.9 | 0.9 | 1.0 | ||
| Percentage (95% CI) | 48.6 (47.4–49.9) | 50.8 (49.6–52.1) | 49.9 (48.5–51.3) | 48.9 (47.5–50.2) | 48.6 (47.2–50.0) | 48.7 (47.1–50.4) | 50.9 (49.2–52.5) | 48.7 (46.8–50.6) | 47.3 (45.4–49.1) | 47.4 (45.5–49.3) | 48.6 (46.6–50.6) | 49.1 (48.7–49.6) | ||
| Salmonella spp. (typhoidal) | Female | 36 | 54 | 54 | 68 | 73 | 83 | 71 | 60 | 72 | 44 | 46 | 661 | 0.038 |
| Male | 69 | 55 | 76 | 100 | 84 | 100 | 87 | 91 | 74 | 41 | 45 | 822 | ||
| Ratio | 1.9 | 1.0 | 1.4 | 1.5 | 1.2 | 1.2 | 1.2 | 1.5 | 1.0 | 0.9 | 1.0 | 1.2 | ||
| Percentage (95% CI) | 65.7 (55.8–74.7) | 50.5 (40.7–60.2) | 58.5 (49.5–67.0) | 59.5 (51.7–67.0) | 53.5 (45.4–61.5) | 54.6 (47.1–62.0) | 55.1 (47.0–63) | 60.3 (52.0–68.1) | 50.7 (42.3–59.0) | 48.2 (37.3–59.3) | 49.5 (38.8–60.1) | 55.4 (52.9–58.0) | ||
| Shigella spp. | Female | 342 | 410 | 510 | 447 | 608 | 527 | 612 | 611 | 434 | 314 | 302 | 5117 | <0.001 |
| Male | 273 | 413 | 400 | 319 | 450 | 457 | 465 | 649 | 582 | 640 | 741 | 5389 | ||
| Ratio | 0.8 | 1.0 | 0.8 | 0.7 | 0.7 | 0.9 | 0.8 | 1.1 | 1.3 | 2.0 | 2.5 | 1.1 | ||
| Percentage (95% CI) | 44.4 (40.4–48.4) | 50.2 (46.7–53.7) | 44 (40.7–47.3) | 41.6 (38.1–45.2) | 42.5 (39.5–45.6) | 46.4 (43.3–49.6) | 43.2 (40.2–46.2) | 51.5 (48.7–54.3) | 57.3 (54.2–60.3) | 67.1 (64–70.1) | 71 (68.2–73.8) | 51.3 (50.3–52.3) | ||
| VTEC | Female | 73 | 120 | 154 | 223 | 193 | 170 | 208 | 159 | 257 | 148 | 190 | 1895 | 0.412 |
| Male | 64 | 71 | 83 | 131 | 134 | 107 | 118 | 112 | 152 | 115 | 135 | 1222 | ||
| Ratio | 0.9 | 0.6 | 0.5 | 0.6 | 0.7 | 0.6 | 0.6 | 0.7 | 0.6 | 0.8 | 0.7 | 0.6 | ||
| Percentage (95% CI) | 46.7 (38.1–55.4) | 37.2 (30.3–44.4) | 35.0 (29.0–41.5) | 37.0 (32.0–42.3) | 41.0 (35.6–46.5) | 38.6 (32.9–44.6) | 36.2 (31.0–41.7) | 41.3 (35.4–47.4) | 37.2 (32.5–42.0) | 43.7 (37.6–50.0) | 41.5 (36.1–47.1) | 39.2 (37.5–40.9) |
CI, Confidence interval.
a
χ2 test for linear trend.
b
Met threshold on rounding up.
Ratios above a threshold of two or where the percentage male has a lower confidence interval above 50% are shaded.