Table 4.

Number and percentage of reported foodborne disease outbreaks, outbreak-associated illnesses, hospitalisations and deaths, attributed to the consumption of raw produce, by aetiology (confirmed or suspected)^a – Foodborne Disease Outbreak Surveillance System, USA, 1998–2013

Aetiology	No. of outbreaks				No. of illnesses				No. of hospitalisations				No. of deaths
	CE	SE	Total	%	CE	SE	Total	%	CE	SE	Total	%	CE	SE	Total	%
Bacterial
Salmonella entericab	161	6	167	21	10 373	29	10 402	33	1202	4	1206	53	15	0	15	21
Escherichia coli, Shiga   toxin-producingc	72	2	74	10	2517	27	2544	8	570	10	580	26	12	0	12	17
Shigellad	17	0	17	2	2289	0	2289	7	46	0	46	2	1	0	1	1
Campylobactere	13	3	16	2	653	24	677	2	17	0	17	1	0	0	0	0
Bacillus cereus	1	5	6	1	3	31	34	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0
Listeria monocytogenes	4	0	4	1	183	0	183	1	173	0	173	8	39	0	39	54
Clostridium perfringens	1	2	3	0	190	51	241	1	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0
Staphylococcus aureus enterotoxin	0	3	3	0	0	8	8	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0
E. coli, Enteropathogenic	1	1	2	0	66	76	142	0	0	1	1	0	0	0	0	0
E. coli, Enterotoxigenic	1	0	1	0	58	0	58	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0
Subtotal	271	22	293	38	16 332	246	16 578	52	2008	15	2023	90	67	0	67	93
Chemical and toxin
Mycotoxins	15	3	18	2	78	10	88	0	41	10	51	2	2	1	3	4
Other – chemical/toxin	1	5	6	1	2	28	30	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0
Heavy metals	1	0	1	0	21	0	21	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0
Pesticides	1	0	1	0	14	0	14	0	2	0	2	0	0	0	0	0
Plant/herbal toxins	1	0	1	0	4	0	4	0	4	0	4	0	0	0	0	0
Subtotal	19	8	27	3	119	38	157	0	47	10	57	3	2	1	3	4
Parasitic
Cyclospora	13	1	14	2	1067	8	1075	3	18	0	18	1	0	0	0	0
Cryptosporidium	4	0	4	1	166	0	166	1	4	0	4	0	0	0	0	0
Giardia	1	0	1	0	50	0	50	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0
Subtotal	18	1	19	2	1283	8	1291	4	22	0	22	1	0	0	0	0
Viral
Norovirus	250	168	418	54	9302	3260	12 562	39	69	41	110	5	2	0	2	3
Hepatitis A	14	0	14	2	1117	0	1117	4	48	0	48	2	0	0	0	0
Other viruses	0	7	7	1	0	156	156	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0
Subtotal	264	175	439	56	10 419	3416	13 835	43	117	41	158	7	2	0	2	3
Single aetiologyf	572	206	778	80	28 153	3708	31 861	92	2194	66	2260	98	71	1	72	100
Multiple aetiologies	3	10	13	1	244	156	400	1	14	2	16	1	0	0	0	0
Unknown aetiologyg	–	–	181	19	–	–	2413	7	–	–	39	2	–	–	0	0
Totalf	575	216	972	100	28 397	3864	34 674	100	2208	68	2315	101	71	1	72	100

No., number; CE, confirmed aetiology; SE, suspected aetiology.

^aIf at least one aetiology was laboratory-confirmed, the outbreak was considered to have a confirmed aetiology. If no aetiology was laboratory-confirmed, but an aetiology was reported based on clinical or epidemiologic features, the outbreak was considered to have a suspected aetiology.

^bSalmonella serotypes causing more than five outbreaks were Newport (31 outbreaks), Enteritidis (22), Typhimurium (19, including one variant Copenhagen), Javiana (13), Saintpaul (12), Braenderup (six) and Muenchen (six); also see Supplementary Table S1.

^cSTEC serogroups O157 (68 outbreaks; 62 were H7, six were non-motile), O26 (3), O145 (2), O121 (1).

^dShigella sonnei (13), Shigella flexneri (two) and Shigella boydii (one); multiple species reported (one outbreak).

^eCampylobacter jejuni (12 outbreaks) and Campylobacter coli (one); multiple species (one outbreak); unknown species (two outbreaks).

^fThe denominator for the aetiology percentages is the single aetiology total. The denominator for the single aetiology, multiple aetiologies and unknown aetiology is the total. Because of rounding, numbers might not add up to the single aetiology total or the total.

^gAn aetiologic agent was not confirmed or suspected based on clinical, laboratory or epidemiologic information