Fig. 3. NAD⁺ repletion therapy delays vascular aging and improves vascular health. Aging and related vascular disorders are associated with a decline in cellular NAD⁺ content, which coincides with reduced mitochondrial function and autophagy, as well as increased oxidative stress and pro-inflammatory signaling. Collectively, these contribute significantly to vascular pathologies, including hypertension, atherosclerosis, coronary artery disease, and aortic aneurysm. Hence, emerging NAD⁺-regenerative therapies are increasingly recognized as a potential strategy to protect vascular health during aging and disease both in animals and humans. Up-arrows indicate increases, down-arrows indicate decreases. The clip art included in this figure was created with BioRender.com.

NAD⁺, nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide.