Table 1. Vascular disorders, against which NAD+ precursors show beneficial effects.
| Vascular disease | NAD+ precursor | Experimental setting | Effects | Ref. |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Hypertension | NAM | Dahl salt-sensitive rats | Reduced high blood pressure | 26 73 |
| eNOS−/− mice | Improved endothelial function | |||
| L-NAME-treated mice | Reduced inflammation | |||
| NA | Nephrectomized rats | Reduced high blood pressure | 76 | |
| Reduced inflammation | ||||
| Reduced oxidative stress | ||||
| NR | Middle-aged and old humans | A trend towards reduced blood pressure and aortic stiffness | 72 | |
| Atherosclerosis | NA | Humans and (APOE) mice with atherosclerosis | Decreased LDL cholesterol | 83 132 |
| Increased HDL cholesterol | ||||
| NAM | APOE mice | Improved protection against ApoB-containing lipoprotein oxidation | 79 | |
| Reduced inflammation and atherogenesis | ||||
| Coronary artery disease | NAD+ | A swine model of myocardial ischemia-reperfusion | Decreased necrosis, fibrosis and stiffness | 103 |
| Improved recovery of cardiac function | ||||
| Reduced inflammation | ||||
| NAM | Ischemia-reperfusion injury in rats | Decreased myocardial infarction size | 104 133 | |
| Reduced oxidative stress | ||||
| NR | Ischemia-reperfusion injury in mice | Improved ejection fraction and reduced infarct size | 105 | |
| NMN | Ischemia-reperfusion injury in mice and aged rats | Smaller infarct size | 106 107 | |
| Ameliorated cardiac function | ||||
| Improved ROS and mitochondrial membrane potential | ||||
| Aortic aneurysm | NA and NAM | Calcium chloride- and angiotensin II-treated mice | Decreased formation of abdominal aortic aneurysms | 112 |
| Reduced inflammation and immune cell infiltration | ||||
| Lower matrix degradation | ||||
| Vascular aging | NMN | Naturally aged mice | Reduced arterial stiffness | 32 34 |
| Cerebromicrovascular protection | ||||
| Improved neurovascular coupling | ||||
| Improved endothelial function | ||||
| Lower oxidative stress |
NAD+, nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide; NAM, nicotinamide; eNOS, endothelial nitric oxide synthase; HDL, high-density lipoprotein; LDL, low-density lipoprotein; L-NAME, N[ω]-nitro-l-arginine methyl ester; ROS, reactive oxygen species; NA, nicotinic acid; NR, nicotinamide riboside; NMN, nicotinamide mononucleotide.