Table 1.
Main characteristics of the included studies.
| References | Exposure | Outcomes | |||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| N, (women %); wine, (women %) | Ages (DE) | Follow-up (years) | Wine consumption | Equivalent gr/day etanol in wine | Type of wine | Cognition test | Cognition domain | ||
| Deng et al. (44) China |
2,632 (56.38); 123 | Non-drinker: 69.2 (8.8) Light-to-moderate drinker: 66.3 (6.3) Excessive drinker: 65.2 (7.7) |
2 | - Non-drinker (<1U/w) - Light-to-moderate drinker (1–21 U/w ♂, or 1–14 U/w ♀) - Excessive drinker (>21 U/w ♂, or >14 U/w ♀)) |
- Non-drinker: <1,43 gr - Light-to-moderate drinker: 1,43–30 gr ♂, 1,43–20 gr ♀) - Excessive drinker (>30 gr ♂, or >20 gr ♀) |
Wine | MMSE Suspected dementia: - Examination by a neurologist - neuropsychological testing |
- Dementia. | |
| Fischer et al. (45) Germany |
2,622 (65.3) | 81.2 (3.4) | 10 | Red wine (%): - Never: 52.2 - <1 time/week: 20.4 - 1 time/week: 9.2 - Several times/week: 10.7 - Every day: 7.5 White wine (%): - Not at all :64.4 - <1 time/week:20.6 -1 time/week: 6.1 - Several times/week: 7.0 - Every day: 1.9 |
NR | Red wine White wine |
SIDAM Global Deterioration Scale Blessed Dementia Rating scale CERAD: - Word List Immediate Recall - Word List Delayed Recall - Word List Recognition subtest |
- AD. - Dementia - Dementias. - Memory. |
|
| Handing et al. (46) Sweden |
12,326 (55.5); 5,463 | 54.2 (5.9) | 43 | n (mean) - None (0): 31 (0.0) - Light (>0 to ≤ 5): 5,102 (0.5) - Moderate (>5 to ≤ 12): 255 (6.3) - Heavy (>12 to ≤ 24): 56 (18.9) - Very Heavy (>24): 19 (33.6) |
- None: 0 gr - Light: 0–5 gr - Moderate: 5–12 gr - Heavy: 12 gr-24 gr - Very Heavy >24 gr |
Wine | The National Patient Register and/or Cause of Death Register were used for diagnoses of dementia. | - Dementia. | |
| Heymann et al. (47) EEUU |
360 (58) | 74.87 (8.897) | 19.28 | - Abstainers - Mild-moderate drinkers (1–7 D/w). - Heavy drinkers (8 or more D/w). |
- Abstainers: 0 - Mild-moderate drinkers:11–77 gr - Heavy drinkers: >88 gr |
Wine | MMSE. | - AD. | |
| Leibovici et al. (48) France |
833 | >60 | 3 | Below 75 years: - Low education: 26% - High education: 17% >75: - Low education: 47% - High education: 27% |
NR | Wine | - Examen Cognitif par Ordinateur | - Working memory. - Language skills. - Visuospatial performance. - Focused and divided attention. |
|
| Lemeshow et al. (49) EEUU |
3,777 | ≥65 | 3 | Incident dementia. N (%) - None: 48 (4.9) - ≤ 1/4 liter/day: 47 (5.1) - >1/4 liter/day: 4 (1.1) |
- ≤ 1/4 litter/day: 0–24 gr - >1/4 litter/day: >25 gr |
Wine | Battery of psychometric test: - The Benton Visual Retention Test. - The Zazzo's Cancellation Test. - The Isaacs Stet Test for verbal fluency. - The Wechsler paired associate's test. - The Wechsler digit-symbol test. - MMSE. - DSM-III-R criteria. |
- Cognitive functioning. - Global cognitive status. - Dementia. - AD. |
|
| Lindsay et al. (50) Canadá |
Cases: 194 (67.5) Controls: 3894 (57.5) | Cases: 81 Controls: 72.9 |
5 | - Cases exposed/total: 15/186 - Controls exposed/total: 668/3,789 |
NR | Wine | - 3MSE. - Neuropsychological tests |
- AD | |
| Low et al. (51) France |
9,294 (66) | 75.8 (4.35) | 12 | Wine (glasses/week) Cases: 8.4 (9.5) Controls: 9.3 (11.5) |
NR | Wine Red wine |
Mini-Mental State Examination. Benton Visual Retention Test. Isaac's Set Test. Trail-Making Test part A. Trail-Making Test part B. | Global cognition. | |
| Luchsinger et al. (52) EEUU |
980 (67); 162 | 73.3 (5.8) Age according to the frequency of consumption: None: 75.37 (5.78) Light to moderate: 75.11 (5.62) Heavy: 82.41 (0) |
4 | None:85,91% Light to moderate: 14,08% Heavy: 0,10% |
None: 0 gr Light to moderate: 11–33 gr Heavy: >33 gr | Wine | Alzheimer's disease: - National Institute of Neurological and Cognitive Disorders and Stroke-Alzheimer's Disease and Related Disorders Association criteria. Dementia: - Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fourth Edition criteria and required evidence of cognitive deficit on the neuropsychological test battery and evidence of impairment in social or occupational function; persons with a global summary score on the Clinical Dementia Rating (CDR). |
- AD. - Dementia. |
|
| Mehlig et al. (53) Sweden |
Four health examinations - 1968–1969: 1,458 - 1974–1975 (alive): 1,298 (1,426) - 1980–1981 (alive): 1,146 (1,366) - 1992–1993 (alive): 800 (1,118) |
38–60 years | 34 | Four health examinations: - 1968–1969: 51% - 1974–1975: 59% - 1980–1981: 63% - 1992–1993: 64% |
NR | Wine | Batteries of neuropsychiatric tests. | - Dementia. | |
| Mukamal et al. (26) EEUU |
746 (58,45) | 77,65 (5.35) | 6 | - None - <1 - 1–6 - >o=7 |
- None: 0gr - <1: <2,35 gr - 1–6: 2,36gr-14,14 gr - >7: >14,14 |
Wine | - 3MSE - The CHS cognition study - IQCODE. |
- Dementia. | |
| Nooyens et al. (54) The Netherlands |
2,613 (50.71); | 55.78 (7) | 7 | NR | NR | White wine Red wine Fortified wine |
The neuropsychological test battery included four tests: - The 15 Words Verbal Learning Test. - The Stroop Color-Word Test. - The Word Fluency Test. - The Letter Digit Substitution Test. |
- Memory. - Speed and cognitive flexibility. - Semantic memory. - Speed. |
|
| Orgogozo et al. (55) France |
3,777 | 73,6 | 3 | - Non-drinkers: 0– <1 per week. - Mild drinkers: At least 2 drinks per week but not more than 250 ml per day. - Moderate drinkers: 250–500 ml per day. - Heavy drinkers: >500 ml per day. |
- Non-drinkers: 0 mg. - Mild drinkers: no more than 25 gr. - Moderate drinkers: 25–50 gr. - Heavy drinkers: >50 gr. |
Wine | Battery of psychometric test: - The Benton Visual Retention test. - The Zazzo's Cancellation Test. - The Isaacs Stet Test for verbal fluency. - The Wechsler paired associates test. - The Wechsler digit-symbol test. - MMSE. - DSM-III-R criteria. |
-Cognitive functioning. - Global cognitive status. - Dementia. - AD. |
|
| Ruitenberg et al. (56) Netherlands |
5,395 (59); 1,994 (42) | 67,38 (7,48) | 6 | Median (IQR) drinks/day: -Total (n = 1,994): 0·14 (0·05–0·47) Men (n = 655): 0·24 (0·06–0·59) Women (n = 1,339): 0·12 (0·04–0·44) |
NR | Wine | - MMSE | - Dementia. | |
| Sabia et al. (57) UK |
10,308 (33) | 35-55 | 31 | Units/week (%) - Abstinence: 0 (0) - 1–14 units/week: 2.8 (2.5) - >14 units/week7.9 (7.1) |
NR | Wine | The national hospital episode statistics. The Mental Health Services Data Set. The mortality registers. Using ICD-10 codes F00-F03, F05.1, G30, and G31. | - Dementia. | |
| Solfrizzi et al. (58) Italy |
2,963; 1,131 (36.25) | 71,69 (4.965) Alcohol consumption None: 71.09 (4.94) <1 drink/day: 72.12 (5.06) 1 or 2 drinks/day: 71.90 (5.06) >2 drinks/day: 71.67 (4.80) |
3,5 | Median (IQR) drinks/day: - Total: 1.69 (0.85–1.69) ♂: 1.69 (0.85–3.38) ♀: 0.85 (0.85–0.85) |
- None - <1: <11,5 gr - 1–2: 12,5gr-24gr - >2: >25 gr |
Wine | MMSE. | - Dementia. - Cognitive impairment. |
|
| Truelsen et al. (25) Denmark |
Total: 1,709 (62.14) Cases: 83 (54.21) Controls: 1,626 (62.54) | Total: 75.8 (6) Cases: 73.3 (5.6) ♀: 78.9 (5.8) ♂: 77.6 (7.1) Controls: 78.3 (6.4) ♀: 73.3 (5.5) ♂: 73.2 (5.6) |
3 | % ♂; % ♀ - Never/hardly ever: 60.5; 62.2 - Monthly: 26.3; 26.7 - Weekly: 7.9; 8.9 - Daily: 5.3; 2.2 |
NR | Wine | MMSE. | - Dementia. | |
U/w, unit per week; D/w, drinks of alcohol per week; NR, not reported; MMSE, Mini-Mental State Examination; AD, Alzheimer's disease; DSM, Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders; IQCODE, Informant Questionnaire on the Cognitive Decline of the Elderly; CHS, Health Study-Cognition; 3MSE, Modified Mini-Mental State; CERAD, the Consortium to Establish a Registry for Alzheimer's Disease neuropsychological battery.