Table 3.
Between-group differences and changes over time for the primary outcome measure and Pain Catastrophizing Scale (PCS) subscales.
| Primary outcome measure (scale) | T2–T1a | T3–T2a | T3–T1a | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
|
|
Median (IQR) | Mean (SD) |
P value |
Median (IQR) | Mean (SD) |
P value |
Median (IQR) | Mean (SD) |
P value |
||||||||||||||||||
| PCS | <.001 |
|
|
.24 |
|
|
.006 | ||||||||||||||||||||
|
|
Control | 0.05 (−0.11 to 0.73) | 0.29 (1.0)b |
|
−0.03 (−0.19 to 0.21) | −0.07 (0.32)c |
|
0.1 (−0.14 to 0.36) | 0.21 (1.13)d |
|
|||||||||||||||||
|
|
Intervention | −0.5 (−1.0 to −0.14) | −0.67 (0.72)e |
|
0.0 (−0.27 to 0.58) | 0.02 (0.65)f |
|
−0.15 (−1.0 to 0.08) | −0.59 (0.91)e |
|
|||||||||||||||||
| Helplessness | .002 |
|
|
.21 |
|
|
.007 | ||||||||||||||||||||
|
|
Control | 0.0 (−0.23 to 0.4) | 0.1 (0.84)g |
|
−0.07 (−0.41 to 0.04) | −0.11 (0.33)h |
|
0.0 (−0.32 to 0.48) | 0.01 (0.88)i |
|
|||||||||||||||||
|
|
Intervention | −0.79 (−1.14 to −0.07) | −0.72 (0.78)j |
|
0.0 (−0.35 to 0.44) | 0.11 (0.8)f |
|
−0.33 (−1.06 to −0.08) | −0.65 (0.92)j |
|
|||||||||||||||||
| Rumination | <.001 |
|
|
.48 |
|
|
.049 | ||||||||||||||||||||
|
|
Control | −0.58 (−0.83 to 0.0) | −0.53 (0.89)k |
|
0.0 (0.0 to 0.39) | 0.29 (0.86)h |
|
−0.71 (−1.0 to −0.26) | −0.59 (0.96)i |
|
|||||||||||||||||
|
|
Intervention | −1.42 (−2.27 to −0.79) | −1.59 (0.95)l |
|
0.0 (0.0 to 0.57) | 0.22 (0.55)h |
|
−0.85 (−1.82 to −0.58) | −1.23 (0.84)l |
|
|||||||||||||||||
| Magnification | .14 |
|
|
.41 |
|
|
.03 | ||||||||||||||||||||
|
|
Control | 0.56 (0.32 to 0.97) | 0.77 (1.0)b |
|
0.12 (−0.14 to 0.22) | −0.02 (0.48)c |
|
0.68 (0.49 to 1.25) | 0.86 (1.02)d |
|
|||||||||||||||||
|
|
Intervention | 0.42 (0.29 to 0.66) | 0.2 (1.02)l |
|
0.0 (−0.13 to 0.46) | −0.03 (0.83)f |
|
0.58 (−0.43 to 0.68) | 0.1 (1.16)j |
|
|||||||||||||||||
aAt admission to the program (T1), at the end of the intervention at 6 weeks (T2), and at the 3-month follow-up (T3).
bn=26.
cn=16.
dn=27.
en=21.
fn=17.
gn=23.
hn=15.
in=24.
jn=20.
kn=25.
ln=19.