Table 1.

Studies on the analysis of patient-derived body fluids, animal-derived fluids, and BC cell lines.

No. of study	Title	Author	Disease
Case-control
	Breath
1	Early diagnosis of breast cancer from exhaled breath by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) analysis: a prospective cohort study	Zhang et al 51	Breast, gastric cancer
2	Differentiation between genetic mutations of breast cancer by breath volatolomics	Barash et al 52	Breast cancer
3	Volatile organic metabolites identify patients with breast cancer, cyclomastopathy, and mammary gland fibroma	Wang et al 53	Breast cancer
4	Investigation of potential breath biomarkers for the early diagnosis of breast cancer using gas chromatography–mass spectrometry	Li et al 54	Breast cancer
5	Volatile organic compounds (VOCs) in exhaled breath of patients with breast cancer in a clinical setting	Mangler et al 55	Breast cancer
6	Detection of lung, breast, colorectal, and prostate cancers from exhaled breath using a single array of nanosensors	Peng et al 56	Breast, lung, colorectal, prostate cancer
7	Volatile biomarkers in the breath of women with breast cancer	Phillips et al 57	Breast cancer
8	Prediction of breast cancer using volatile biomarkers in the breath	Phillips et al 58	Breast cancer
9	Volatile markers of breast cancer in the breath	Phillips et al 59	Breast cancer
10	Quantitative analysis by gas chromatography of volatile carbonyl compounds in expired air from mice and human	Ebeler et al 60	Breast cancer
	Urine
11	Implementing a central composite design for the optimisation of solid phase microextraction to establish the urinary volatomic expression: a first approach for breast cancer	Silva et al 62	Breast cancer
12	Exploring the potential of needle trap microextraction combined with chromatographic and statistical data to discriminate different types of cancer based on urinary volatomic biosignature	Porto-Figueira et al 63	Breast, colon cancer
13	A non-invasive approach to explore the discriminatory potential of the urinary volatilome of invasive ductal carcinoma of the breast	Taunk et al 64	Breast cancer
14	Solid phase microextraction, mass spectrometry and metabolomic approaches for detection of potential urinary cancer biomarkers–a powerful strategy for breast cancer diagnosis	Silva et al 65	Breast cancer
	Others
15	Volatomic pattern of breast cancer and cancer-free tissues as a powerful strategy to identify potential biomarkers	Silva et al 61	Breast cancer
16	Screening of salivary volatiles for putative breast cancer discrimination: an exploratory study involving geographically distant populations	Cavaco et al 30	Breast cancer
In vivo
	Urine
17	Urinary volatile terpenes analysed by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry to monitor breast cancer treatment efficacy in mice	Woollam et al 66	Breast cancer
18	Detection of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) in urine via gas chromatography-mass spectrometry QTOF to differentiate between localised and metastatic models of breast cancer	Woollam et al 67	Breast cancer
In vitro
	Culture media
19	Identification of characteristic compounds of moderate volatility in breast cancer cell lines	Tanaka et al 68	Breast cancer
20	Extracellular volatilomic alterations induced by hypoxia in breast cancer cells	Taware et al 69	Breast cancer
21	Effect of H2O2 induced oxidative stress (OS) on volatile organic compounds (VOCs) and intracellular metabolism in MCF-7 breast cancer cells	Liu et al 70	Metabolism in MCF-7 cells
22	Volatile metabolomic signature of human breast cancer cell lines	Silva et al 71	Breast cancer
23	Investigation of biomarkers for discriminating breast cancer cell lines from normal mammary cell lines based on VOCs analysis and metabolomics	Huang et al 72	Breast cancer
24	Investigation of VOCs associated with different characteristics of breast cancer cells	Lavra et al 73	Breast cancer
Mass spectrometry
25	Breath mass ion biomarkers of breast cancer	Phillips et al 74	Breast cancer
26	Secondary electrospray ionisation-mass spectrometry and a novel statistical bioinformatic approach identifies a cancer-related profile in exhaled breath of breast cancer patients: a pilot study	Martinez-Lozano Sinues et al 75	Breast cancer
27	Fingerprinting breast cancer vs. normal mammary cells by mass spectrometric analysis of volatiles	He et al 76	Breast cancer
E-nose
28	Breath biopsy of breast cancer using sensor array signals and machine learning analysis	Yang et al 77	Breast cancer
29	Identification of profiles of volatile organic compounds in exhaled breath by means of an electronic nose as a proposal for a screening method for breast cancer: a case-control study	Díaz de León-Martínez et al 78	Breast cancer
30	An in-vitro study for early detection and to distinguish breast and lung malignancies using the PCB technology based nanodosimeter	Venkatraman and Sureka 79	Breast, Lung cancer
31	Effect of humidity on nanoparticle-based chemiresistors: a comparison between synthetic and real-world samples	Konvalina and Haick 80	Breast cancer
32	Classification of breast cancer precursors through exhaled breath	Shuster et al 81	Breast cancer
Studies containing both GC-MS analysis and E-nose
2	Differentiation between genetic mutations of breast cancer by breath volatolomics	Barash et al 52	Breast cancer
6	Detection of lung, breast, colorectal, and prostate cancers from exhaled breath using a single array of nanosensors	Peng et al 56	Breast, lung, colorectal, prostate cancer
24	Investigation of VOCs associated with different characteristics of breast cancer cells	Lavra et al 73	Breast cancer
30	An in-vitro study for early detection and to distinguish breast and lung malignancies using the PCB technology based nanodosimeter	Venkatraman and Sureka 79	Breast, Lung cancer
31	Effect of humidity on nanoparticle-based chemiresistors: a comparison between synthetic and real-world samples	Konvalina and Haick 80	Breast cancer