Figure 3.

Effect of L. reuteri LR-33016 and B. longum BL-15955 nCFSM on virulence gene expression of 4 E. coli F5 strains presented as fold change of expression levels in nCFSM relative to non-fermented milk. The expression data were normalized to two validated reference genes, gapA and nusG. Three independent replicates including two technical replicates each were performed. The data shown represents the mean and the error bars represent standard deviations. The stars indicate statistical significance at different levels: *P ≤ 0.05, ** P ≤ 0.01.