Figure 4.

Effect of B. longum BL-15955 nCFSM on expression of cpa in 4 C. perfringens strains presented as fold change of expression levels in nCFSM relative to non-fermented milk. The expression data were normalized to two validated reference genes, 16sRNA and GAPDH. Three independent replicates including two technical replicates each were performed. The data shown represents the mean and the error bars represent standard deviations. The stars indicate statistical significance at different levels: ** P ≤ 0.01.