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. 2022 May 12;13:828013. doi: 10.3389/fmicb.2022.828013

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Copyright © 2022 Liu, Kragh, Aabo, Jensen and Olsen.

This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) and the copyright owner(s) are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.

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Effect of nCFSM from (A) NU-TRISH^® By-Mild (L. delbrueckii subsp. bulgaricus, S. thermophilus and B. lactis BL-15954, (B) COMBO4 (L. delbrueckii subsp.bulgaricus and S. thermophilus) and (C) L. helveticus CNRZ32 on virulence gene expression in 3 S. Dublin strains. The expression data were normalized to validated reference gene gapA and presented as fold change of expression levels in nCFSM relative to a control (non-fermented milk). Three independent replicates including two technical replicates each were performed. The data shown represents the mean and the error bars represent standard deviations. The stars indicate statistical significance at different levels: *P ≤ 0.05, ** P ≤ 0.01.