Table 3. Correlates of Suicidal Ideation.
| Correlate | k a | No. of individuals | d (95% CI) | P value |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Sociodemographic characteristics | ||||
| Sex (female) | 16 | 107 881 | −0.03 (−0.10 to 0.05) | .50 |
| Race (minority group)b | 5 | 16 638 | −0.22 (−0.38 to −0.06) | <.01 |
| Race (Black, with White as reference) | 4 | 11 076 | −0.31 (−0.61 to 0.00)c | .05 |
| Family characteristics | ||||
| Parental marital status (married) | 5 | 22 672 | 0.05 (−0.17 to 0.26) | .65 |
| Parental education | 6 | 14 666 | <0.01 (−0.09 to 0.09) | .99 |
| Family income | 8 | 94 230 | −0.07 (−0.18 to 0.04) | .21 |
| Family conflict and dysfunction | 5 | 2805 | 0.36 (0.11 to 0.60) | <.01 |
| Family psychopathology | 8 | 12 322 | 0.18 (0.09 to 0.26) | <.001 |
| Parental depression | 4 | 5001 | 0.37 (−0.11 to 0.85) | .13 |
| Parental history of suicidal thoughts and behaviors | 4 | 1208 | 0.45 (0.05 to 0.86) | .03 |
| Clinical correlates | ||||
| Overall psychopathology | 19 | 25 219 | 0.62 (0.47 to 0.77) | <.001 |
| Internalizing psychopathology | 16 | 19 235 | 0.71 (0.47 to 0.94) | <.001 |
| Anxiety | 6 | 13 062 | 0.13 (−0.19 to 0.46) | .42 |
| Depression | 13 | 15 185 | 0.90 (0.71 to 1.09) | <.001 |
| PTSD | 3 | 12 879 | 0.32 (−0.14 to 0.78) | .18 |
| Externalizing psychopathology | 8 | 23 619 | 0.32 (0.08 to 0.56) | <.01 |
| ADHD | 6 | 22 445 | 0.54 (0.34 to 0.75) | <.001 |
| Conduct disorder/oppositional defiant disorder | 4 | 18 936 | 0.02 (−0.42 to 0.47) | .91 |
| Psychosis | 3 | 11 847 | 0.39 (0.16 to 0.63) | <.01 |
| Psychological correlates | ||||
| Aggression | 7 | 4967 | 0.65 (0.04 to 1.27) | .04 |
| Cognitive functioning | 4 | 1903 | 0.11 (−0.19 to 0.42) | .46 |
| Negative affect | 3 | 863 | 0.80 (0.12 to 1.47) | .02 |
| Self-esteem | 4 | 916 | −0.53 (−0.84 to −0.22) | <.001 |
| Interpersonal correlates | ||||
| Overall social support | 8 | 85 128 | −0.25 (−0.36 to −0.15) | <.001 |
| Parental support | 5 | 84 934 | −0.34 (−0.46 to −0.22)d | <.001 |
| Peer support | 5 | 84 469 | −0.13 (−0.22 to −0.04)d | <.01 |
| Experienced bullying | 4 | 86 166 | 0.29 (0.26 to 0.33) | <.001 |
| Child maltreatment | 5 | 86 957 | 2.62 (1.56 to 3.67) | <.001 |
| Child physical abuse | 4 | 84 078 | 0.66 (0.46 to 0.86) | <.001 |
| Child sexual abuse | 4 | 84 077 | 0.55 (0.30 to 0.80) | <.001 |
| Other correlates | ||||
| Academic stress | 4 | 2861 | 0.24 (0.11 to 0.37) | <.001 |
Abbreviations: ADHD, attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder; PTSD, posttraumatic stress disorder.
a
k Indicates the number of unique associations.
b
Any racial group besides White.
c
The upper end of the confidence interval was rounded down but exceeded 0.00.
d
When unrounded, the upper end of the confidence interval for parental support does not overlap with the lower end of the confidence interval for peer support.