Table 3.

Stamping out control measures, response capacity and resource limitations for simulated outbreaks of foot-and-mouth disease in each country

Control measure	Australia	Canada	New Zealand	UK	USA
Stamping out	Control parameter settings consistent with the Australian stamping out response policy [21]: National livestock standstill (72 h); quarantine; zone movement restrictions (3 and 10 km around IPs and DCPsa); surveillance (patrol vet 3 km); forward and backward tracing; stamping out (destruction, disposal, decontamination) of all FMD susceptible livestock on IPs and DCPs.	Simulated stamping out policy as defined in the FMD Hazard Specific Plan (FMD-HSP) for Canada [22]: Livestock standstill (province level); quarantine; zone movement restrictions (5kms around IPs); surveillance (patrol vet 3 km); forward and backward tracing; stamping out (destruction, disposal, decontamination) of all FMD susceptible livestock on detected IPs and dangerous contact premises (DCPs10; IPs taking priority over DCPs).	Simulated stamping out disease control consistent with the New Zealand Standard Model [23]: National livestock standstill (14 days); quarantine; zone movement restrictions (3 and 10 km around IPs); surveillance (patrol vet 3 km); forward and backward tracing; stamping out (destruction, disposal, decontamination) of all FMD susceptible livestock on infected, detected premises.	Simulated control programme consistent with UK contingency plans for stamping out [24]: National livestock standstill (duration of the epidemic); quarantine; zone movement restrictions (3 and 10 km around IPs); surveillance (patrol vet 3 km); forward and backward tracing; stamping out (destruction, disposal, decontamination) of all FMD susceptible livestock on infected, detected premises.	Control parameters for stamping out were defined as described by USDA [25]. Quarantine; zone movement restrictions (10 and 20 km around IPs and each traced direct or indirect contact); surveillance (in 10 km and 20 km zones around IPs and each traced direct or indirect contact); forward and backward tracing; stamping out (destruction, disposal, decontamination) of all FMD susceptible livestock on infected, detected premises.
Vaccination	Vaccination does not compete with other control activities for resources. Vaccination capacity is based on the availability of teams with time to complete vaccination varying with herd type. Capacity for VS1-4 is initially sufficient to vaccinate 10-50 farms per day (Day 1-7), rising to 25-125 (Day 8-20) and maximising at 50–250 farms per day from Day 21 onwards. No vaccination restriction applied for VS5.	No competition between vaccination resource and other response activities. Vaccination conducted by farm vaccinators with sufficient resource to vaccinate 500 farms per day (VS1-VS4). For VS5 it was assumed that up to 5000 farms per day could be vaccinated. The number of doses available was limited to 250 000 for all vaccination scenarios except VS5.	No competition between vaccination resource and other response activities Vaccination resources for VS1-4 sufficient for vaccinating 300 farms per day on Day 1, increasing to 500 farms per day by Day 3. Unlimited personnel resources for VS5 defined as 600 farms per day on Day 1 rising to 1000 per day by Day 3.	Vaccination does not compete with other control activities for resources. Vaccination resource is calculated for individual holdings based on numbers of animals present. Capacity for vaccination is 36 000 animals a day (day 5) rising to 72 000 animals at day 10 and reaching a maximum of 108 000 animals (day 21 onwards). No limits are applied in VS5.	No competition between vaccination resource and other response activities. Vaccination resources sufficient for 100 farms per day by day 24 (10-day start) or by day 31 (17-day start). If vaccination tasks queue up (i.e., they exceed the daily capacity), then dairy receives first priority, followed by swine, feedlot and cow-calf.

^aDCP: Dangerous contact premises. A premises identified as high risk of having been exposed to infection through tracing of a direct or high-risk indirect movement.