Figure 57.

Common experimental techniques for measuring the Young’s modulus and strength of 2D materials. (a) Nanoindentation based on AFM.⁶³⁴ Adapted with permission under a Creative Commons CC BY license from ref (634). Copyright 2019 John Wiley and sons. (b) Bulge test involving interferometry and Raman spectroscopy.⁶³⁵ Adapted with permission from ref (635). Copyright 2017 American Physical Society. (c) Tensile testing push-to-pull micromechanical device controlled by an external pico-indenter in SEM, and the yellow arrow shows the loading direction. (d) Diagram showing the enlarged pink rectangle area in (c) with a suspended graphene sample after cutting by focused ion beam.^636,637 Copyright 2009 Royal Society of Chemistry, copyright 2019 American Physical Society, copyright 2019 John Wiley and Sons, copyright 2017 American Physical Society, copyright 2020 Springer Nature, copyright 2014 Springer Nature. Panels (c) and (d) are adapted with permission under a Creative Commons CC BY 4.0 license from ref (636). Copyright 2020 Springer Nature.