Table 1.
The enzyme(s) required for synthesizing the carbon backbone for each specialized metabolite are highlighted in bold
| Subcellular Localization of Biosynthetic Enzymes | |||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Specialized Metabolite | Biological Activity | Cytosol | Peroxisome | Nucleus | Endoplasmic Reticulum | Golgi | Vesicles / Endosomes / Vacuoles | Plasma Membrane | Cell Wall / Extra-cellular |
| Polyketides | |||||||||
| Aflatoxin | Mycotoxin | AflD (KR), AflH (DH), AflM (OXR), AflK (CYC), AflP (MT) |
AflA (FAS), AflB (FAS), AflC (PKS), HypC (OX) |
AflaR (TF), AflaJ (TF) |
AflK (CYC) | AflK (CYC) |
AflD (KR), AflP (MT), AflaR (TF), AflaJ (TF) |
||
| Melanin | Photo- protectant / virulence factor |
BcBRN1 (Red), BcBRN2 (Red), |
BcPKS12 (PKS), BcPKS13 (PKS), BcYGH1 (HYD) |
Alb1 (PKS), Agy1 (HYD), Arp1 (DH), Arp2 (Red) |
Abr1 (OX), Abr2 (Lac), |
||||
| WA (PKS) | YA (Lac) | ||||||||
|
BcBRN1 (Red), BcBRN2 (Red), |
BcSCD1 (DH), BcBRN1 (Red), BcBRN2 (Red), |
||||||||
| Patulin | Mycotoxin |
PatK (PKS), PatG (DCL), PatN (DH), PatF (U), PatD (DH), PatB (CE) |
PatL (TF) |
PatA (transporter), PatH (P450), PatI (P450) |
PatJ (U), PatO (OXR), PatC (MFS), PatM (ABC), PatE (OXR), |
PatC (MFS), PatM (ABC) |
PatE (OXR) | ||
| Viriditoxin | Bacterial cell division inhibitor | VdtG (MFS) | VdtA (PKS) | ||||||
| AK-Toxin | Mycotoxin |
AKT1 (CA), AKT2 (HYD), AKT3 (ECH) |
|||||||
| Fumonisin | Mycotoxin (ceramide synthase inhibitor) | Fum3 (OX) | Fum21p (TF) |
Fum8 (AMT), Fum17 (CS), Fum18 (CS), Cer1 (CS) |
|||||
| A26771B | Antibiotic | BerkC (SDR) | BerkF (AT) | BerkD (OXR) | |||||
| Terpenes | |||||||||
| Trichothecene | Mycotoxin |
Tri5 (TC), Hms1 (HMGS) |
Tri6 (TF), Tri10 (TF) |
Tri 1(P450), Tri4 (P450), Tri11 (P450), Tri14 (U), Red (P450R), Hmr1 (HMGR) Tri5 (TC), |
|||||
| Gibberellic acid | Phytohormone | Cs/Ks (TC) | HmgR (HMGR) | Ggs2 (GGPS) | |||||
| Paxilline | Mycotoxin | PaxG (GGPS) | |||||||
| Aphidicolin | DNA polymerase inhibitor | PbACS (TC), PbGGS (GGPS) | PbP450-1 (P450), PbP450-2 (P450) | ||||||
| Mixed | |||||||||
| Mycophenolic acid | Immunosuppressant agent |
MpaC’ (PKS), MpaG’ (MT) |
PbACL891 (ACL), MpaH’ (ACH) |
MpaDE’ (P450 / HYD), MpaB’ (OX), |
MpaA’ (PT) | ||||
| Peptides | |||||||||
| Penicillin | Antibiotic |
ACVS (NRPS), IPNS (OX) |
IPNS (OX), PenM (transporter), PaaT (transporter), IAT (AT), PCL (CoAL) |
ACVS (NRPS), PenV (transporter) |
|||||
| Cephalosporin | Antibiotic |
CefP (transporter), CefD1 (CoAL), CefD2 (epimerase), CefM (transporter) |
CefT | CefT | |||||
| Fumiquinazolines | Cytotoxic |
FmqB (OXR), FmqC (NRPS) |
FmqA (NRPS), FmqE (MFS) |
FmqD (OXR) | |||||
| Cyclosporin | Immunosuppressant agent |
SimA (NRPS) SimB (AlaR) |
|||||||
| Triacetylfusarinine C | Siderophore | EstB (HYD) |
SidF (CoAT), SidH (CoAH), SidI (CoAL) |
||||||
| Ferricrocin | Siderophore | SidL (AT) | Enb1 (Trans) | ||||||
| Enterobactin | Siderophore | Sit1 (Trans) | |||||||
| Ferroxamine B | Siderophore | Arn1p (Trans) | |||||||
| Ferrichrome | Siderophore | ||||||||
| Amanitin | RNA polymerase II inhibitor | AbPOPB (POP) | |||||||
Abbreviations (alphabetical): ABC: ATP binding cassette transporter; AlaR: alanine racemase; AMT: aminotransferase; AT: acyltransferase; CA: carboxyl-activating enzyme; CE: carboxyesterase; CoAH: mevalonyl-CoA hydratase; CoAT: anhydromevalonyl-CoA transferase; CoAL: mevalonyl-CoA ligase; CS: ceramide synthase; CYC: cyclase; DCL: decarboxylase; DH: dehydratase; ECH: enoyl-CoA hydrolase; FAS: fatty acid synthase; GGPS: geranyl phosphate synthase; HMGS: HMG-CoA reductase; HMGS: HMG-CoA synthase; HYD: hydrolase; KR: ketoreductase; Lac: laccase; MFS: major facilitator superfamily transporter; MT: methyltransferase; NRPS: non-ribosomal peptide synthetase; OX: oxidase; OXR: oxidoreductase; P450: cytochrome P450 monooxygenase; PKS: polyketide synthase; POP: prolyl oligopeptidase; Red: reductase; SDR: short chain dehydratase / reductase; TC: terpene cyclase; TF: transcription factor; U: unknown