| 1. Effect on glycemic |
| A.The value of HbA1c level reduced approximately 0.7–1.0% |
| B.Lower fasting plasma glucose, about 1.2 mmol/L |
| C.Improved beta cell function |
| D.Improve glucotoxicity |
| E.Improved insulin sensitivity |
| F.Increased endogenous glucose production |
| G.Reduced insulin resistance |
| 2. Effects on lipids |
| A.Increased HDL, LDL and apolipoprotein |
| B.Does not alter the concentration of LDL-C, but decreases small, dense LDL-C and increases large buoyant LDL-C |
| C.Increased total cholesterol |
| D.Lower triglyceride levels |
| E.Lead to increased adiponectin |
| 3. Weight |
| A.Decreased waist circumference, subcutaneous adipose tissue, and visceral adipose tissue |
| B.Increased glucagon secretion |
| C.Weight loss of about 2–4 kg |
| 4. Cardiovascular effects |
| A.Reduced systolic blood pressure |
| B.Improve inflammation and oxidative stress |
| C.Improve vascular function |
| D.Reduce cardiac preload |
| E.Decreased left ventricular mass index |
| F.Decreased NT-proBNP concentration |
| G.Improve natriuresis |
| H.Reduces pathological cardiomyocyte stiffness |
| I.Lead to osmotic diuresis |
| J.Increase hematocrit |
| K.Lung fluid volume improved |
| L.Improves diastolic function |
| M.Improve cardiac remodeling |
| N.Reduce ischemia–reperfusion injury |
| 5. Effects on fibrosis markers |
| A.Decreased Mac-2 binding protein |
| B.FIB-4 index decreased |
| C.Significantly lower NAFIC scores |
| 6. Liver function improvement |
| A.Reduced fatty liver index |
| B.Decreased serum alanine aminotransferase, aspartate aminotransferase and gamma-glutamyltransferase levels |
| C.Proton density fat fraction decreased |
| 7. Effects on the kidneys |
| A.Reducing vascular volume |
| B.Reduce blood uric acid levels |
| C.Reduced proteinuria |
| D.Stabilize eGFR |
| E.Improve urinary albumin/creatinine ratio |
| F.Reduced kidney disease progression |
| G.Improve natriuresis |
| 8. SGLT2 inhibitors may reduce bone density |
| 9. Effects on inflammatory factors |
| A.Decreses soluble dipeptidyl peptidase levels |
| B.Decreases ICAM-1, VCAM-1, TNF-α and IL-6 |
| 10. Oxidative stress |
| A.Reduce H2O2, GSH, lipid peroxide |
| B.Prevent PKGIα oxidation |
| 11. Effect on anemia |
| A.Decrease hepcidin levels |
| B.Improve erythropoiesis |
| C.Increase hemoglobin levels |
