Table 4. Multinomial Regression Examining Predictors of Group Membership Across the Four Classes and the “No Problem” Group, With Class 2 (Disease-Symptoms) as the Reference Category.

Dementia representation	Model 1. Univariable	Model 2. Multivariable model
Note. AD = Alzheimer’s disease; VaD = vascular dementia; ACE-III = Addenbrooke’s Cognitive Examination-III; CCI = Charlson Comorbidity Index; FAQ-I = Functional Activities Questionnaire-Informant rating; GDS-10 = Geriatric Depression Scale 10-item version. The “no problem” group comprised 76 people who responded negatively to all Representations and Adjustment to Dementia Index (RADIX) screening questions, indicating that they perceived no difficulties. For the multivariable model, 727 participants had available data on all covariates. The multivariable model combines all the variables from Model 1, except for informant-rated functional ability; for this measure, data were only available for those individuals with a participating caregiver.
* p < 0.05.
Age
Class 1. Disease-diagnosis	0.959 (0.941–0.978)*	0.941 (0.916–0.967)*
Class 3. Aging	1.107 (1.079–1.135)*	1.128 (1.083–1.175)*
Class 4. Unclear	1.007 (0.991–1.022)	1.007 (0.986–1.030)
No problem	1.040 (1.004–1.078)*	1.043 (0.985–1.105)
Dementia subtype (AD/VaD/Mixed AD/VaD vs. Other)
Class 1. Disease-diagnosis	0.691 (0.441–1.083)	0.701 (0.401–1.227)
Class 3. Aging	1.730 (0.891–3.361)	0.819 (0.358–1.870)
Class 4. Unclear	1.065 (0.723–1.567)	0.881 (0.539–1.438)
No problem	1.018 (0.502–2.066)	0.536 (0.187–1.534)
Time since diagnosis (years)
Class 1. Disease-diagnosis	1.028 (0.956–1.104)	1.019 (0.961–1.080)
Class 3. Aging	0.887 (0.745–1.056)	0.811 (0.644–1.020)
Class 4. Unclear	0.962 (0.893–1.035)	0.939 (0.860–1.025)
No problem	1.019 (0.947–1.097)	1.005 (0.898–1.125)
Cognitive ability (ACE-III)
Class 1. Disease-diagnosis	1.013 (0.998–1.029)	1.002 (0.985–1.019)
Class 3. Aging	0.982 (0.969–0.995)*	0.976 (0.957–0.996)*
Class 4. Unclear	0.985 (0.975–0.995)*	0.976 (0.963–0.998)*
No problem	0.971 (0.954–0.987)*	0.962 (0.940–0.985)*
Functional ability (FAQ-I)
Class 1. Disease-diagnosis	0.986 (0.967–1.005)	—
Class 3. Aging	1.004 (0.980–1.029)	—
Class 4. Unclear	1.006 (0.988–1.024)	—
No problem	1.036 (0.997–1.076)	—
Comorbidity (CCI)
Class 1. Disease-diagnosis	1.073 (0.981–1.174)	1.207 (1.083–1.345)*
Class 3. Aging	1.108 (1.034–1.186)*	0.984 (0.845–1.146)
Class 4. Unclear	1.025 (0.963–1.091)	1.080 (0.988–1.182)
No problem	1.031 (0.916–1.161)	1.119 (0.915–1.368)
Attitudes Toward Own Aging
Class 1. Disease-diagnosis	0.878 (0.785–0.983)*	1.031 (0.875–1.214)
Class 3. Aging	1.268 (1.128–1.398)*	1.190 (0.993–1.425)
Class 4. Unclear	1.205 (1.109–1.309)*	1.129 (0.992–1.285)
No problem	1.788 (1.509–2.118)*	1.288 (0.959–1.731)
Self-efficacy
Class 1. Disease-diagnosis	0.957 (0.925–0.990)*	0.986 (0.945–1.028)
Class 3. Aging	1.059 (1.023–1.091)*	1.026 (0.974–1.081)
Class 4. Unclear	1.043 (1.019–1.065)*	1.050 (1.016–1.084)*
No problem	1.108 (1.046–1.163)*	1.079 (0.994–1.172)
Depression (GDS-10)
Class 1. Disease-diagnosis	1.127 (1.053–1.206)*	1.046 (0.944–1.159)
Class 3. Aging	0.849 (0.779–0.926)*	0.877 (0.763–1.008)
Class 4. Unclear	0.907 (0.854–0.963)*	0.947 (0.863–1.039)
No problem	0.632 (0.517–0.772)*	0.701 (0.486–1.012)