Table 3.
Comparison of the clinical and epidemiologic characteristics of adults (≥18 years) hospitalised with HMPV-associated severe acute respiratory illness at four sentinel surveillance sites, South Africa 2009–2013.
| Characteristic | Adults (≥18years) n = 119 |
HIV-infected n = 87 |
HIV-uninfected n = 23 |
HIV status unknown n = 9 |
Odds ratioa (95% CI) | p valuea |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Site | ||||||
| Soweto | 94/119 (79.0) | 65/87 (74.7) | 23/23 (100) | 6/9 (66.7) | – | 0.065 |
| Bushbuckridge | 15/119 (12.6) | 13/87 (14.9) | 0 | 2/9 (22.2) | ||
| Pietermaritzburg | 5/119 (4.2) | 4/87 (4.6) | 0 | 1/9 (11.1) | ||
| Klerksdorp | 5/119 (4.2) | 5/87 (5.8) | 0 | 0 | ||
| Age in years (median, IQR) | 38.6 (31.3–53.1) | 35.5 (29.3–43.0) | 60.2 (46.8–70.9) | 33.4 (32.5–46.3) | <0.001 | |
| Age group | <0.001 | |||||
| 18–44 years | 81/119 (68.0) | 71/87 (81.6) | 4/23 (17.4) | 6/9 (66.7) | 12.2 (3.0–50.4) | |
| 45–64 years | 28/119 (23.5) | 16/87 (18.4) | 11/23 (47.8) | 1/9 (11.1) | Reference | |
| ≥65 years | 10/119 (8.4) | 0 | 8/23 (34.8) | 2/9 (22.2) | – | |
| Male gender | 37/119 (31.1) | 24/87 (27.6) | 10/23 (43.5) | 3/9 (33.3) | 0.5 (0.2–1.3) | 0.142 |
| Black race | 115/119 (96.6) | 85/87 (97.7) | 21/23 (91.3) | 9/9 (100) | 4.0 (0.5–31.3) | 0.192 |
| Brick houseb | 87/119 (73.1) | 58/87 (66.7) | 22/23 (95.7) | 7/9 (77.8) | 0.1 (0.0–0.8) | 0.004 |
| Number of rooms for sleeping >1 | 76/119 (63.9) | 49/87 (56.3) | 21/23 (91.3) | 6/9 (66.7) | 0.1 (0.0–0.6) | 0.001 |
| Number of people in house >4 | 46/119 (38.7) | 34/87 (39.1) | 8/23 (34.8) | 4/9 (44) | 1.2 (0.5–3.2) | 0.706 |
| Duration of symptoms (median, IQR) | 3 (2–5) | 3 (2–5) | 4 (3–5) | 5 (3–6) | – | 0.380 |
| Underlying illnessc (including HIV infection) | 100/119 (84.0) | – | – | – | – | – |
| Underlying illness (excluding HIV infection) | 22/119 (18.5) | 9/87 (10.3) | 10/23 (43.5) | 3/9 (33.3) | 0.2 (0.1–0.5) | <0.001 |
| In-hospital treatment | ||||||
| Antibiotics prescribed during hospitalisation | 112/115 (97.4) | 83/85 (97.7) | 20/21 (95.2) | 9/9 (100) | 2.1 (0.2–24.0) | 0.488 |
| Oxygen therapy | 52/119 (43.7) | 37/87 (42.5) | 11/23 (47.8) | 4/9 (44.4) | 0.8 (0.3–2.0) | 0.649 |
| Outcome | ||||||
| Duration of hospitalisation (days, IQR) | 6 (4–8) | 6 (4–8) | 5 (4–7) | 4 (4–7) | – | 0.654 |
| Prolonged hospitalisation (>3 days) | 91/118 (77.1) | 66/86 (76.7) | 18/23 (78.2) | 7/9 (78) | 0.9 (0.3–2.8) | >0.999 |
| Death | 9/119 (7.6) | 4/87 (4.6) | 3/23 (13.0) | 2/9 (22.2) | 0.3 (0.1–1.6) | 0.158 |
| Co-infections | ||||||
| Viral | ||||||
| Any viral co-infectiond | 35/119 (29.4) | 27/87 (31.0) | 5/23 (21.7) | 3/9 (33.3) | 1.6 (0.5–4.9) | 0.449 |
| Influenza | 6/119 (5.0) | 5/87 (5.8) | 1/23 (4.4) | 0 | 1.3 (0.1–12.2) | >0.999 |
| RSV | 3/119 (2.5) | 3/87 (3.5) | 0/23 (0) | 0 | – | >0.999 |
| >1 viral co-infection | 5/119 (4.2) | 5/87 (5.7) | 0/23 (0) | 0 | – | 0.582 |
| S. pneumoniae - Lyt A PCRe | 14/116 (12.1) | 11/85 (12.9) | 1/22 (4.6) | 2/9 (22.2) | 3.1 (0.4–26.1) | 0.453 |
Values are number of patients with characteristic/total number with available data (%) unless otherwise indicated.
HIV-infected compared to HIV-uninfected adults, excluding those with unknown HIV status.
Compared to house made of iron sheeting or mud.
Asthma, other chronic lung disease, chronic heart disease, liver disease, renal disease, diabetes mellitus, obesity, immunocompromising conditions, neurologic disease, prematurity, pregnancy. HIV infection (n = 87), asthma (n = 5), other chronic lung disease (n = 4), chronic heart disease (n = 4), diabetes mellitus (n = 5), obesity (n = 1), neurologic disease (n = 2), pregnancy (n = 2).
Co-infection with HMPV and ≥1 of the following: adenovirus, enterovirus, influenza A and B viruses, respiratory syncytial virus (RSV), parainfluenza virus type 1, 2 and 3, and rhinovirus. Adenovirus testing was not done Aug–Oct 2009, missing: n = 14.
Available for 116, not done in 3 (3%).