Table 1.
Function of macrophage-derived exosomes and extracellular vesicles
| exo/EVs | Contain | Mechanism | Function | Reference |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| BMDM- HG-exo | miR-486-5p | ↑Hematopoietic; ↑Myeloid cells | 109 | |
| BMDM-IL-4-exo | miRNA-99a/146b/378a | NF-κB and TNF-α signaling pathways | ↓Hematopoietic; ↓Inflammation; ↑M2 polarization | 101 |
| THP1-IL-4-exo | miR-21/99a/146b/378a | ↑Lipophagy; ↑Mitochondrial activity ↑Oxidative phosphorylation (OXPHOS); ↓Hematopoietic | 113 | |
| THP-1-ox-LDL-exo | miR-106a-3p | CASP9 Caspase signaling pathway |
↑VSMCs proliferation; ↓VSMCs apoptosis | 115 |
| Molecularly Engineered M2-exo |
HAL | ↓Inflammation Fluorescence imaging and tracking | 125 | |
| THP-1-ox-LDL-exo | miR-146a | ↑ROS | ↑NETs→↑AS | 118 |
| M-ox-LDL-exo | ↓ECs growth; ↓Tube formation | 27 | ||
| NM-exo | miR-21-3p | PTEN | ↑VSMCs proliferation; ↑VSMCs migrate | 121 |
| THP-1-oxLDL-exo | lncRNA GAS5 | caspase | ↑ECs apoptosis; ↑Macrophage apoptosis | 124 |
| Foam cells-EVs | ERK, Akt | ↑VSMCs adhesion; ↑VSMCs migrate | 122 | |
| EVs | miR-503-5p | ↓Smad 1,2,7 | ↓HCAEC proliferation; ↓Tube formation; ↑HCASMCs proliferation; ↑HCASMCs migrate | 126 |
| M-EVs | miR-185-3p | ↓Smad 7 | ↑Lipid; ↑ECs adhesion; ↑ECs apoptosis; ↓ECs proliferation; ↑Inflammatory cytokines | 127 |
| M-EVs | miR-146a | IGF2BP1, HuR | ↓Macrophage migrate | 123 |
Akt: protein kinase B; CASP9: caspase 9; ECs: endothelial cells; ERK: extracellular signal-regulated kinase; EVs: extracellular vesicles; exo: exosomes; HAL: hexyl 5-aminolevulinate hydrochloride; HCAEC: human coronary vascular endothelial cell; HCASMCs: human coronary vascular smooth muscle cells; IGF2BP1: IGF2 mRNA binding protein 1; M: macrophage; NF-κB: nuclear factor-kappa b; TNF: tumor necrosis factor; Smad: sma- and mad-related proteins; VSMCs: vascular smooth muscle cells;