Table 2.
Function of exosomes and extracellular vesicles from different cell sources on macrophages
| exo/EVs | Contain | Mechanism | Function | Reference |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| MSC-exo | miR-21a-5p | KLF6 and ERK1/2 signaling pathways | ↑M2 proliferation; ↓infiltration | 128 |
| miR-let7 | miR-let7/HMGA2/NF-κB miR-let7/IGF2BP1/PTEN |
↑M2 proliferation ↓infiltration |
129 | |
| DC-exo | miR-203-3p | ↓cathepsin S | ↓AS | 131 |
| Hp - GES- EVs | CagA | ↓PPARγ and LXRα→ ↓cholesterol efflux |
↑foam cells | 139 |
| HUVECs-ox-LDL-exo | MALAT1 | ↑M2 polarization | 132 | |
| ECs-HDAd-exo | anti-miR-33a-5p | ↑cholesterol efflux | 133 | |
| HFD-VAT-exo | ↓LXRα; ↓ABCA1 and ABCG1 | ↑foam cells | 138 | |
| HCAEC-ox-LDL-EVs | miR-4306 | ↑Akt/ NF-κB signaling pathways | ↑Lipid formation | 134 |
| ECs-ox-LDL/KLF2-EVs | miR-155 | ↑M2→M1 | 143 |
ABCA1: adenosine triphosphate binding cassette transporters 1; ABCG1: ATP-binding cassette transporter 8; AS: atherosclerosis; DC: dendritic cells; ERK: extracellular signal-regulated kinase; KLF: krüppel-like factor; LXRα: liver X receptor alpha; MSC: mesenchymal stem cell; PPARγ: peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma;