Table 1.

Breast cancer therapeutic strategies targeting HMGB1

Therapeutic Strategies	Mechanism	Effect on breast cancer	Ref.
Chemicals
XIAOPI formula	Inhibit CXCL1/HMGB1 signal	Enhance taxol chemosensitivity	126
CDK4/6 inhibitor abemaciclib	Inhibit HMGB1/TLR4/NF-κB pathway	Enahnce tamoxifen chemosensitivity	127
Triptolide	Inhibit HMGB1/TLR4/NF-κB pathway	Suppress breast cancer growth	150
Irinotecan	Increase HMGB1 expression	Induce apoptosis; Arrest cell cycle in S phase	151
ICD inducers
oleandrin	Induce HMGB1 release	Promote DCs maturation and activation; Enhance CD8+ T cells cytotoxicity	18
CDK12/13 inhibitor SR-4835	Induce HMGB1 release	Enhance anti-PD-1 anti-cancer activity	20
pingyangmycin	Induce HMGB1 release	Enhance anti-PD-1 anti-cancer activity; Augment tumor-infiltrating CD8+ T cells	146
Synergetic strategy
Doxorubicin and berberine	Inhibit HMGB1/TLR4 pathway	Inhibit tumor growth and pulmonary metastasis	134
Theophylline and berberine	Decrease HMGB1 expression	Enhance apoptotic cell death	133
LiCl and MMC	Decrease HMGB1 expression	Enhance MMC-induced apoptosis	152
ADI-PEG20 and NAC	Induce HMGB1 release	Enhance NAC-induced apoptosis	19
Apicidin and docetaxel	Induce HMGB1 release	Enhance apoptotic cell death	153
ALA and Radiotherapy	Increase HMGB1 expression	Enhance RT-induced cellular senescence	154
Other
Recombinant oncolytic VSV	Induce HMGB1 release	Decrease metastatic breast tumor burden	143
Recombinant adenovirus AdVEGFR2	Increase HMGB1 expression	Active tumor antigen-specific T cell immunity; Inhibit angiogenesis, tumor growth and pulmonary metastasis	149

LiCl: lithium chloride; MMC: mitomycin C; ADI-PEG20: pegylated arginine deiminase; NAC: N-acetylcysteine; ALA: alpha-lipoic acid; RT: radiotherapy; VSV: vesicular stomatitis virus.