Table 3.

Some of the potentially toxic effects of MPs and NPs on human health are listed below in the table

Toxicity effect	Plastics	Size of plastics	Results	References
Oxidative stress	PVC PMMA (poly methyl methacrylate)	120 nm 140 nm	Increases reactive oxygen species (ROS), and reduce cell feasibility	Mahadevan and Valiyaveettil (2021)
	Cationic PS NPs	60 nm	Increases reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation and endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress	Chiu et al. (2015)
Gastrointestinal effect	PS NPs	50 nm and 200 nm	Alter intestinal ion transport	Mahler et al. (2012)
	PS MPs	0.5 µm and 5 µm	Increased metabolic disorder risk in the offspring	Luo et al. (2019)
	PS MPs	0.5 and 50 μm	Induce mouse hepatic lipid disorder	Lu et al. 2018
	PS MPs	5 µm	Reduces intestinal mucus secretion and induce gut microbiota dysbiosis	Jin et al. (2019)
Neurotoxicity	PS MPs	5 and 20 μm	Increase in AChE activity in the liver, and may lead to the reduction in cholinergic neurotransmission efficiency	Deng et al. (2017)
	PS NPs	38.92 nm	Decreased locomotor activity	Rafiee et al. (2018)