Table A1.
Item parameter estimates and standard errors for overall scale items.
| Item | Overall scale calibration |
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|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 100-utt sample (N = 388) |
50-utt sample (N = 639) |
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| Description | a (SE) | c1 (SE) | c2 (SE) | a (SE) | c1 (SE) | c2 (SE) | |||||||
| N1 | Noun | * | * | ||||||||||
| N2 | Pronoun | * | 3.8 | (1.5) | 11.8 | (3.8) | 8.9 | (3) | |||||
| N3 | Modifier | * | * | ||||||||||
| N4 | Two-word NP | * | ** | ||||||||||
| N5 | Det + N | ** | 1.6 | (0.3) | 4.4 | (0.4) | 3.2 | (0.3) | |||||
| N6 | V + 2-wd NP | 2.3 | (1.8) | 6.9 | (3.8) | 5.9 | (2.5) | 3.1 | (0.5) | 5.6 | (0.6) | 4.0 | (0.5) |
| N7 | N plural | 1.0 | (0.4) | 4.0 | (0.6) | 2.9 | (0.4) | 0.7 | (0.1) | 2.4 | (0.2) | 1.1 | (0.1) |
| N8 | 2-wd NP + V | 1.5 | (0.3) | 1.7 | (0.3) | 0.5 | (0.2) | 1.4 | (0.1) | 0.3 | (0.1) | −1.1 | (0.1) |
| N9 | 3-wd NP | 1.6 | (0.3) | 2.9 | (0.4) | 1.4 | (0.3) | 1.5 | (0.1) | 0.9 | (0.1) | −0.7 | (0.1) |
| N10 | NP Adv | 1.0 | (0.2) | 0.4 | (0.2) | −1.3 | (0.2) | 0.8 | (0.1) | −0.7 | (0.1) | −2.6 | (0.2) |
| N11 | Bound morpheme | 0.4 | (0.2) | 0.4 | (0.2) | −0.1 | (0.2) | 0.4 | (0.1) | −0.6 | (0.1) | −1.1 | (0.1) |
| V1 | Verb | * | * | ||||||||||
| V2 | V part or prep | * | 2.5 | (0.5) | 5.4 | (1.5) | 4.8 | (1.7) | |||||
| V3 | Prep phr | 2.1 | (1.6) | 7.1 | (4.1) | 5.2 | (2.1) | 2.3 | (0.4) | 4.5 | (1.4) | 2.7 | (0.4) |
| V4 | N + cop + N | 1.9 | (1.3) | 4.7 | (1.4) | 4.2 | (1.4) | 1.5 | (0.2) | 2.6 | (0.2) | 2.1 | (0.2) |
| V5 | Catenative | ** | ** | ||||||||||
| V6 | Aux BE, DO, HAVE | 2.6 | (0.7) | 4.7 | (0.8) | 4.1 | (0.7) | 1.9 | (0.2) | 1.9 | (0.2) | 1.3 | (0.2) |
| V7 | Prog –ing | 1.0 | (0.3) | 3.3 | (0.4) | 1.8 | (0.2) | 0.7 | (0.1) | 1.4 | (0.1) | 0.0 | (0.1) |
| V8 | Adverb | ** | 2.4 | (1.7) | −7.9 | (3.2) | NA | ||||||
| V9 | Modal + V | 1.7 | (0.3) | 2.4 | (0.3) | 1.0 | (0.2) | 1.4 | (0.2) | 0.6 | (0.1) | −0.7 | (0.1) |
| V10 | 3rd-pers sing pres | 1.3 | (0.2) | 2.2 | (0.3) | 0.7 | (0.2) | 1.2 | (0.1) | 0.6 | (0.1) | −1.1 | (0.1) |
| V11 | Past tns modal | 1.1 | (0.2) | −0.3 | (0.2) | −1.5 | (0.2) | 1.1 | (0.2) | −1.5 | (0.2) | −2.8 | (0.2) |
| V12 | Reg past | 1.1 | (0.2) | 0.4 | (0.2) | −1.0 | (0.2) | 1.2 | (0.2) | −1.0 | (0.1) | −2.7 | (0.2) |
| V13 | Past aux | 1.8 | (0.3) | 0.4 | (0.2) | −1.8 | (0.3) | 1.2 | (0.2) | −1.0 | (0.1) | −3.1 | (0.2) |
| V14 | Medial Adv | 1.9 | (0.4) | 3.4 | (0.4) | 1.8 | (0.3) | 1.6 | (0.2) | 1.2 | (0.2) | −0.3 | (0.1) |
| V15 | Ellipsis | # | # | ||||||||||
| V16 | Past cop | 1.9 | (0.3) | −1.0 | (0.3) | −2.1 | (0.3) | 1.9 | (0.3) | −2.5 | (0.3) | −3.7 | (0.4) |
| V17 | Bound morpheme | 1.1 | (0.3) | −2.2 | (0.3) | −4.1 | (0.6) | 1.1 | (0.2) | −3.0 | (0.3) | −4.6 | (0.5) |
| Q1 | Intonation | ** | ** | ||||||||||
| Q2 | Routine | ** | ** | ||||||||||
| Q3 | Simple Neg | 1.7 | (0.5) | 4.8 | (0.7) | 2.7 | (0.4) | 1.4 | (0.2) | 2.3 | (0.2) | 1.0 | (0.1) |
| Q4 | Wh-Q + V | ** | ** | ||||||||||
| Q5 | S + neg + V | ** | ** | ||||||||||
| Q6 | Wh-Q with S-Aux inversion | 4.2 | (5.8) | 10.9 | (11.8) | 9.8 | (11.8) | ** | |||||
| Q7 | Neg cop, modal or aux | 1.3 | (0.3) | 2.1 | (0.3) | 0.8 | (0.2) | ** | |||||
| Q8 | Y/N Q with S-Aux inversion | 0.3 | (0.2) | 0.4 | (0.1) | −0.7 | (0.2) | 0.2 | (0.1) | −0.6 | (0.1) | −2.0 | (0.1) |
| Q9 | Why, when, which, whose | 0.4 | (0.3) | −1.5 | (0.2) | −4.1 | (0.5) | 0.4 | (0.3) | −2.4 | (0.2) | −5.9 | (0.9) |
| Q10 | Tag Q | * | * | ||||||||||
| Q11 | Neg Q with S-Aux inv. | 0.5 | (0.4) | −2.5 | (0.3) | −4.0 | (0.6) | 0.3 | (0.4) | −3.4 | (0.3) | −5.8 | (0.8) |
| S1 | Two words | * | * | ||||||||||
| S2 | Subj + V | ** | ** | ||||||||||
| S3 | V + Object | 2.4 | (1.9) | 7.3 | (2.9) | 5.8 | (2.4) | 1.2 | (0.3) | 3.1 | (0.4) | 1.9 | (0.3) |
| S4 | S + V + O | 3.3 | (1.3) | 7.2 | (2.4) | 5.6 | (1.7) | 1.4 | (0.3) | 2.6 | (0.3) | 1.4 | (0.2) |
| S5 | Any conjunction | 2.9 | (1.1) | 5.3 | (1.1) | 4.2 | (0.9) | 2.5 | (0.3) | 2.4 | (0.2) | 1.2 | (0.2) |
| S6 | Any 2 V's | 3.6 | (1.5) | 8.1 | (2.3) | 6.6 | (1.9) | 2.5 | (0.4) | 3.4 | (0.3) | 2.3 | (0.3) |
| S7 | Conjoined phrases | 1.5 | (0.3) | 2.0 | (0.3) | 0.7 | (0.2) | 1.7 | (0.2) | 0.1 | (0.2) | −1.2 | (0.2) |
| S8 | Infinitive | 1.9 | (0.3) | 1.1 | (0.3) | 0.0 | (0.3) | 1.4 | (0.2) | −0.1 | (0.1) | −1.3 | (0.2) |
| S9 | Let/Make/Help/Watch | −0.1 | (0.2) | −0.1 | (0.1) | −1.5 | (0.2) | 0.1 | (0.1) | −1.1 | (0.1) | −2.7 | (0.2) |
| S10 | Subordinating conj. | 3.7 | (0.7) | 1.6 | (0.4) | 0.1 | (0.4) | 3.3 | (0.4) | −0.7 | (0.3) | −2.3 | (0.3) |
| S11 | Mental state V | 1.2 | (0.2) | −0.9 | (0.2) | −2.6 | (0.3) | 1.4 | (0.2) | −2.0 | (0.2) | −4.0 | (0.3) |
| S12 | Conjoined clauses | 2.9 | (0.4) | 1.0 | (0.3) | −0.7 | (0.3) | 3.7 | (0.4) | −1.8 | (0.3) | −3.6 | (0.4) |
| S13 | If or wh-clause | 2.3 | (0.4) | 0.3 | (0.3) | −1.2 | (0.3) | 2.2 | (0.3) | −1.4 | (0.3) | −3.2 | (0.3) |
| S14 | Bitransitive pred. | 0.5 | (0.2) | −1.4 | (0.2) | −3.3 | (0.4) | 0.5 | (0.2) | −2.3 | (0.2) | −4.4 | (0.4) |
| S15 | 3 or more V's | 1.6 | (0.2) | 0.0 | (0.2) | −1.6 | (0.2) | 2.1 | (0.2) | −1.8 | (0.2) | −3.7 | (0.3) |
| S16 | Relative clause | 1.9 | (0.3) | 0.3 | (0.2) | −1.2 | (0.3) | 1.8 | (0.2) | −1.2 | (0.2) | −2.8 | (0.2) |
| S17 | Infinitival clause | 0.8 | (0.3) | −1.4 | (0.2) | −3.2 | (0.3) | 0.9 | (0.2) | −2.3 | (0.2) | −5.5 | (0.6) |
| S18 | Gerund | 0.3 | (0.2) | −1.2 | (0.2) | −3.6 | (0.4) | 0.4 | (0.2) | −2.3 | (0.2) | −4.4 | (0.4) |
| S19 | Left or center-embed clause | 1.8 | (0.4) | −1.6 | (0.3) | −3.4 | (0.5) | 1.9 | (0.3) | −2.9 | (0.3) | −5.3 | (0.5) |
| S20 | Passive or tag | 2.48 | (2.6) | −7.96 | (5.2) | NA | 2.36 | (1.7) | −7.86 | (3.2) | NA | ||
Note. For more detailed individual item descriptions, please see Altenberg et al. (2018). Bolded items were removed after statistical analysis. Table data designators: * = item dropped due to little variability in item responses; ** = item dropped due to unstable model estimation due to quasi-complete separation; # = item dropped due to insignificant slope; NA = items that have only two-category responses. All dropped items for 50-utterance samples are also bolded. utt = utterance; a = slope; c1 = Intercept 1; c2 = Intercept 2; NP = Noun Phrase; Det + N = determiner + noun; V = verb; 2-wd = two-word; 3-wd = three-word; Adv = adverb; V part or prep = verb particle or preposition; Prep phr = prepositional phrase; cop = copula; Aux/aux = auxiliary; Prog = progressive; 3rd pers sing pres = third-person singular present; Past tns modal = past tense modal; Reg past = regular past tense; Past aux = past tense auxiliary; Neg/neg = negation; Wh-Q = wh-question; S = subject; S-Aux = subject–auxiliary; Y/N Q = yes/no question; Tag Q = tag question; Neg Q = question with negation; inv. = inversion; Subj = subject; O = object; conj. = conjunction; pred. = predicate.