Table 1.

Summary of factors to identify vulnerable populations

Factors to identify social vulnerability	Explanation	Theoretical perspectives
Sociology
Individual-level demographic and socioeconomic factors	Age, gender, race, ethnicity, religion, language, culture, economic status	Feminist theory Discrimination theory Group-centric policy theory Intersectionality theory
Community-level contextual and relational factors	Civic capacity, similar industry (community’s familiarity), neighborhood characteristics, network density, community participation, collective efficacy, commercial density, local social groups and ecological communities, trust, social norms, collective culture	Network theory Social movement theory Conflict theory Ethnography and neighborhood theory Political ecology theory Trust theory
Economics
Economic factors	Income (median income, GDP per capita), poverty (% of population below poverty line, financial capital, Gini index), single-sector economic dependence, employment rate (occupations), the quality and ownership of housing	Utility theory Preference theory Asset theory Resource dependence theory
Environmental management
Geographic factors	Location in dangerous regions (coastal areas)	-
Governmental factors	Government capacity (government earnings, resources, and trained professionals), public policy, municipal politicians	An integrated theory (a framework for theoretical integration, the context-sensitive approach, etc.)
Institutional factors	System quality (insurance, technological development-digital divide)

Source Factors and theories are retrieved from previous studies in the three different studies