. 2022 May 23;10:e13398. doi: 10.7717/peerj.13398

Table 3. Associations of patient characteristics with general self-efficacy and diabetes management self-efficacy class (low, moderate, high) class from a proportional odds logistic regression.

Effect	General self-efficacy		Diabetes management self-efficacy
	OR	95% CI	OR	95% CI
Region (Ref: Central)	$χ_{LRT}^{2} = 90.231$ , df = 3, p < 0.001		$χ_{LRT}^{2} = 65.901$ , df = 3, p < 0.001
South	0.956	(0.583, 1.568)	2.225^**	(1.371, 3.61)
North	2.169^**	(1.368, 3.439)	1.512^****	(0.965, 2.368)
North-east	2.341^***	(1.563, 3.507)	5.066^***	(3.338, 7.688)
Rural	0.853	(0.62, 1.174)	0.396^***	(0.285, 0.549)
Age	0.999	(0.992, 1.006)	1.000	(0.993, 1.007)
Female	0.902	(0.656, 1.239)	0.792	(0.58, 1.081)
Body Mass Index (Ref: Normal)	$χ_{LRT}^{2} = 10.756$ , df = 3, p = 0.013		$χ_{LRT}^{2} = 2.585$ , df = 3, p = 0.460
Underweight	0.388^****	(0.14, 1.073)	1.335	(0.488, 3.652)
Overweight	1.151	(0.8, 1.655)	1.065	(0.747, 1.518)
Obese	0.613^*	(0.395, 0.952)	0.779	(0.515, 1.179)
Waist Circumference	0.988^****	(0.975, 1.002)	0.997	(0.984, 1.011)
Duration of T2D	1.013	(0.933, 1.101)	1.066	(0.984, 1.155)
Marital Status (Ref: Single)	$χ_{LRT}^{2} = 2.287$ , df = 2, p = 0.239		$χ_{LRT}^{2} = 0.175$ , df = 2, p = 0.916
Married	1.450	(0.816, 2.576)	0.926	(0.535, 1.604)
Widowed/Separated/Divorced	1.878	(0.904, 3.903)	1.011	(0.5, 2.045)
Education (Ref: No formal education)	$χ_{LRT}^{2} = 5.919$ , df = 4, p = 0.205		$χ_{LRT}^{2} = 26.808$ , df = 4, p < 0.001
Primary	1.778	(0.808, 3.913)	2.566^***	(1.225, 5.374)
Secondary	1.754^*	(0.784, 3.928)	2.386^**	(1.12, 5.081)
Bachelor’s	2.806	(1.114, 7.067)	7.462^***	(3.113, 17.888)
Masters or above	3.479	(0.754, 16.052)	8.964^**	(2.169, 37.05)
Religion (Ref: Buddhist)	$χ_{LRT}^{2} = 0.703$ , df = 2, p = 0.704		$χ_{LRT}^{2} = 0.064$ , df =, p = 0.968
Muslim	1.222	(0.474, 3.149)	1.118	(0.443, 2.822)
Other	2.139	(0.296, 15.447)	1.118	(0.119, 10.503)
Monthly Income (Ref: <5000THB)	$χ_{LRT}^{2} = 20.799$ , df = 5, p < 0.001		$χ_{LRT}^{2} = 48.943$ , df = 5, p < 0.001
5,000–9,999THB	1.269	(0.82, 1.965)	0.796	(0.519, 1.222)
10,000-14,999 THB	0.994	(0.617, 1.603)	1.174	(0.734, 1.878)
15,000–19,999 THB	1.796^****	(0.988, 3.264)	2.113^*	(1.182, 3.777)
20,000–24,999 THB	2.467^*	(1.181, 5.15)	2.078^****	(0.995, 4.342)
>25,000 THB	3.299^***	(1.757, 6.195)	5.697^***	(3.078, 10.544)
Family History of Diabetes	1.212	(0.883, 1.663)	1.758^***	(1.285, 2.405)
Any Comorbidity	0.761	(0.536, 1.08)	0.967	(0.688, 1.36)
Hypertension	0.959	(0.7, 1.314)	0.928	(0.683, 1.26)
Dyslipidemia	0.734^****	(0.526, 1.023)	0.808	(0.586, 1.114)
Heart Disease	0.692	(0.298, 1.607)	1.107	(0.48, 2.556)
Chronic Kidney Disease	0.531	(0.136, 2.069)	1.819	(0.412, 8.032)
Other Comorbidity	0.808	(0.406, 1.609)	0.741	(0.379, 1.45)
T2D Treatment (Ref: Diet and Exercise)	$χ_{LRT}^{2} = 1.148$ , df = 3, p = 0.766		$χ_{LRT}^{2} = 2.434$ , df = 3, p = 0.487
Oral hypoglycemic agents (OHTs)	0.889	(0.368, 2.145)	0.771	(0.324, 1.833)
Insulin	0.711	(0.184, 2.745)	1.312	(0.359, 4.798)
OHT + Insulin	0.654	(0.227, 1.886)	0.570	(0.201, 1.615)
Smoking (Ref: Never)	$χ_{LRT}^{2} = 2.279$ , df = 2, p = 0.248		$χ_{LRT}^{2} = 13.188$ , df = 2, p = 0.001
Previous	1.456	(0.88, 2.408)	2.336^***	(1.429, 3.818)
Current	1.336	(0.745, 2.398)	1.675^****	(0.928, 3.024)
Alcohol Use (Ref: Never)	$χ_{LRT}^{2} = 3.967$ , df = 2, p = 0.138		$χ_{LRT}^{2} = 14.459$ , df = 2, p < 0.001
Previous	1.200	(0.748, 1.926)	1.945^**	(1.23, 3.074)
Current	1.612^****	(0.996, 2.609)	2.057^**	(1.268, 3.338)

Notes.

p < 0.05.

^**

p < 0.01.

^***

p < 0.001.

^****

p < 0.1.

THB: Thai Baht