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. 2022 May 12;9:859253. doi: 10.3389/fcvm.2022.859253

Figure 3.

Figure 3

EMPA treatment increased mitochondrial biogenesis. (A) Left, Transmission electron microscopy showing the morphology of mitochondria in sham, sham + EMPA, TAC and TAC + EMPA groups and Right, quantitative analysis of mitochondrial size and counts. Results are expressed as mean ± SEM, n = 3–5, *p < 0.05 vs. corresponding sham, †p < 0.05 vs. corresponding TAC. (B) Left, Representative blots of mitochondrial biogenesis-related proteins and Right, quantitative results. (C) Relative mRNA levels of PGC1α, NRF1, TFAM and COX1. Results are expressed as mean ± SEM, n = 5–7, *p < 0.05 vs. corresponding sham group, †p < 0.05 vs. corresponding TAC vehicle group. One-way ANOVA and Tukey post hoc test. EMPA, empagliflozin; SEM, standard error of the mean; TAC, transverse aortic constriction; PGC1-α, peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma coactivator 1-alpha; NRF-1, nuclear respiratory factor 1; TFAM, mitochondrial transcription factor A; COX1, cyclooxygenase1; GAPDH, glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate dehydrogenase.