TABLE 4.

Biocontrol of phytopathogens using bacterial endophytes.

Host Plant	Endophytes	Disease	Causing agent	Mechanism	References
Diseases caused by fungi
Zea mays L.	Bacillus amyloliquefaciens subsp. subtilis	Ear rot and stalk rot	Fusarium moniliforme	PR-1, PR-10 genes highly induced	Gond et al., 2015
Nicotiana glauca	Alcaligenes faecalis S18, Bacillus cereus S42	Fusarium wilt	Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. lycopersici	Proteolytic and chitinolytic activity, HCN production	Aydi Ben Abdallah et al., 2016
Salicaceae plants	Burkholderia strains WP40 and WP42	Root rot, Ear blight or scab, Take all, Seed blight or rot	Rhizoctonia solani AG-8, Fusarium culmorum, Gaeumannomyces graminis var. tritici, Pythium ultimum	Production of HCN and antifungal metabolite, occidofungin	Kandel et al., 2017b
Dodonaea viscosa L.	Bacillus, Pseudomonas, and Streptomyces	Black mold, Fusarium wilt	Aspergillus niger, Fusarium oxysporum	Chitinase, protease and antifungal activity	Afzal I. et al., 2017
Fragaria × ananassa (Duch.)	Staphylococcus sciuri MarR44	Celery stunt anthracn-ose	Colletotrichum nymphaeae	Production of antifungal metabolites (VOCs)	Alijani et al., 2019
Saccharum officinarum	Bacillus subtilis	Fusarium wilt	Fusarium strains	Production of surfactin	Hazarika et al., 2019
Pisum sativum	Pseudomonas chlororaphis	Black mold, Fusarium wilt	Aspergillus niger and Fusarium oxysporum	HCN production	Maheshwari et al., 2019a
Oryza sativa L.	Bacillus subtilis	Bacterial blight of rice, stalk and ear rot, and root rot	Xanthomonas oryzae, Fusarium verticillioides, Rhizoctonia solani, and Sclerotium rolfsii	Lipopeptide genes encoding surfactin, iturin D, bacillomycin D having antagonistic activities	Kumar V. et al., 2020
Lilium lancifolium	Paenibacillus polymyxa	Fusarium wilt, gray mold and cankers	Botryosphaeria dothidea, Fusarium oxysporum, Botrytis cinerea, and Fusarium fujikuroi	Production of antibiotic secondary metabolites	Khan M. S. et al., 2020
Pennisetum glaucum	Bacillus subtilis	Downy mildew	Sclerospora graminicola	Production of siderophore, HCN and ACC deaminase activity.	Sangwan et al., 2021
Glycine max	Bacillus cereus and Pseudomonas sp.	Fusarium wilt	Fusarium oxysporum, Macrophomina phaseolina, and Alternaria alternata	Production of cellulase, chitinase, and HCN	Dubey et al., 2021
Helianthus annuus	Priestia koreensis	Fusarium wilt	Fusarium oxysporum	Production of essential secondary metabolites and hydrolytic enzymes	Bashir et al., 2021
Disease caused by bacteria
Pistacia atlantica L.	Pseudomonas protegens	Bacterial canker	Pseudomonas syringae pv. syringae Pss20 and Pseudomonas tolaasii Pt18	Production of siderophore and protease	Tashi-Oshnoei et al., 2017
Pyrus communis L.	Fluorescent Pseudomonas sp.	Fire blight disease	Erwinia amylovora	Production of antibiotic, PCA, DAPG, pyrrolnitrin and pyoluteorin.	Sharifazizi et al., 2017
Ventilago madraspatana	Enterobacter sp. CS66	Soft rot and black leg disease	Pectobacterium atrosepticum	Quorum quenching	Shastry et al., 2018
Citrus sinensis	Bacillus cereus Si-Ps1, Pseudomonas azotoformans La-Pot3-3	Bacterial apical necrosis	Pseudomonas syringae pv. syringae (Pss) B7289 and Pss3289	Quorum quenching	Akbari Kiarood et al., 2020
Disease caused by nematode
Musa	Streptomyces sp.	Wilting leaves, gall formation	Meloidogyne javanica	Higher abundance of bacterivores	Su et al., 2017
P. densiflora, P. koraiensis, P. thunbergia, P. rigida	Stenotrophomonas and Bacillus sp.	Drying out	Bursaphelenchus xylophilus	Production of amocarzine, mebendazole and flubendazole compounds	Shanmugam et al., 2018; Ponpandian et al., 2019
Fragaria ananassa	Bacillus cereus BCM2	Root-knot disease	Meloidogyne incognita	Production of chitosanase, alkaline serine protease, and neutral protease	Hu et al., 2020

PR, pathogenesis related; VOC, volatile organic compounds; PCA, phenazine-1-carboxylic acid, DAPG: 2,4-diacetyl phloroglucinol.