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. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2023 Jan 4.
Published in final edited form as: Chem Soc Rev. 2022 Jan 4;51(1):329–375. doi: 10.1039/c9cs00621d

Figure 11.

Figure 11.

Signal transduction modes for small molecule detection. (a) Sandwiched antibody-molecule-antibody assay; (b) Molecular beacon assay; (c) Competitive assay; (d) Direct detection using substrate with “hot spots” to enhance Raman scattering; (e) Target detection through monitoring their chemical reaction product using SERS sensor.