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. 2022 May 26;13:2951. doi: 10.1038/s41467-022-30699-5

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© The Author(s) 2022

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Fig. 2 — a–h Antibody levels to accessory proteins of SARS-CoV-2. Antibodies against NSP1 (a) (in ORF1ab), and other ORFs (ORF3a (b), ORF3d (c), ORF6 (d), ORF7a (e), ORF7b (f), ORF8 (g), and ORF10 (h)) were measured in pediatric (n = 254) and adult (n = 71) COVID-19 cases and negative controls (n = 48) by LIPS to cover all the ORFs of the virus. Significant p values for pediatrics versus adults are NSP1 (a) p = 0.0005, ORF3d (b) p < 0.0001, ORF7a p < 0.0001, ORF7b p < 0.0001, ORF8 p < 0.0001. Significant p values for pediatrics versus negatives are NSP1 (a) p < 0.0001, ORF3d (b) p < 0.0001, ORF7a p < 0.0001, ORF8 p < 0.0001, ORF10 p < 0.025. i, j Comparison of the antibody distribution in asymptomatic/mild children and adults. The cutoff value is shown by the dotted line and was based on the mean plus 3 × s.d. of the negative control group. i Heatmap comparing the mean concentrations (LU) for structural (N, S, S1, S2′, S2, M, E) and accessory proteins (NSP1, ORF3a, ORF3d, ORF6, ORF7a, ORF7b, ORF10) responses in the COVID-19 pediatric, asymptomatic/mild adult populations (excluding severe cases) and negative controls. j Percentages of single antibody levels to SARS-CoV-2 antigens of the cumulative SARS-CoV-2 antibody response in COVID-19 children and asymptomatic/mild adults (excluding severe cases) for the antigen panel including and excluding N. The asymptomatic/mild pediatric and adult distributions were compared using a Chi-square test for expected versus observed distributions. Expected (adult) and observed (pediatric) percentages are detailed in Supplementary Table 3. P < 0.0001 for pediatric (observed) versus adult (expected) distribution of both antigen panels including N (left) and excluding N (right). Experiments were repeated twice. Two-sided P values were calculated using the Mann–Whitney U test. * shows statistical significance between COVID-19 patients versus negative controls. *p < 0.05, **p < 0.01, ***p < 0.005, ****p < 0.0001. Data in (a–h) represents individual time point LIPS responses and the mean ± stdev, data in (i) represents mean values (LU), data in (j) represents percentages.